The sugar industry is one of the major agro-based industries and also the backbone of rural economy of India. Central Pollution Control Board is in the process of revising the Minimal National Standards for sugar industry. The detailed study of some of the sugar industries reveal that it is not difficult to meet the standards. It is, therefore, suggested to continue the existing MINAS for sugar industry for discharge on land for irrigation as BOD<100 mg/l and S.S. <100 mg/l and BOD 30 mg/l and SS of 30 mg/l for discharge into inland surface waters. The industry shall be addressed on proper design, operation and maintenance of effluent treatment plants through training programmes and workshops.

The Hon’ble Supreme Court while hearing the matter of Writ Petition (C) No. 309 on July 26, 2004, observed that the main question in the petition is about disposal of solid waste generated at the slaughter houses. The Hon’ble Supreme Court directed CPCB to collect information from various State Pollution Control Boards/Committees as to the modes adopted in their respective areas for disposal of the solid waste. Accordingly, CPCB requested all the State Pollution Control Boards/Committees to supply requisite information in format. On receipt of information CPCB compiled and submitted the to the Hon’ble Supreme Court in November 2004.

Conducted the performance study of ESPs at M/s.Kota Thermal Power Station, Kota, Rajasthan and M/s.Suratgarh Super Thermal Power Station, Suratgarh, Rajasthan and M/s.Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Project, Sidhii (M.P.). including ambient air quality monitoring and ash pond status.

Visited six coalmines in Korba region wherein the Ghevra mines was the largest open cast mine with mining of 74,000 tonnes per day. The Ghevra, Kusmunda, Dipka and Manakpur mines under the finance aid from World Bank, have provided domestic effluent treatment facilities, waste treatment facilities for workshop, sedimentation ponds for mine discharge water, good haul roads for movements of dumpers and sprinklers arrangements to reduce the dust due to movement of vehicles in the coalmining area. The samples were collected from the mine discharge points and it was observed that the conductivity of the water of river Hasdeo increased from 155 µs/cm to 370 µs/cm after the mine discharge joined the river. Visited the coalmines of SECL at Hasdeo and Chirmiri region and collected nine mine discharge samples.

M/s.Grasim Industries (Chemical Division), Nagda and M/s.Hukumchand Jute Mills, Amlai and M/s.Shriram Vinyl & Chemical Industries, Kota were visited for the third time in three years to assess the progress made by the industries in controlling mercury release into the environment. Isotope studies indicate mercury consumption per tonne of caustic soda produced has been reduced gradually during past three years. However, it was observed that there was substantial amount of mercury still unaccounted. Industries have started regular monitoring of air, water and solid waste for quantifying mercury release in each stream. However samples were collected from the surface and ground water, sediments of river bed, ambient air and various outlet of industries to quantify the discharge / disposal of mercury by various activities at chlor-alkali plant to quantify the mercury consumed per tone of product in the above industries were estimated.

Gujarat has developed secured land fill sites at Ankleshwar, Vapi, Nandesari, Vatva, Odhav, Surat etc. Presently 8 common & 13 private common secured land fill sites are in operation across the state & 2 more sites are in developing stage. Almost all the sites were developed before the Guidelines for this were issued by CPCB. However, all the new cells are being developed in accordance with CPCB Guidelines. The total hazardous waste generation in the Gujarat state is around 1.2 MMT per annum, against the total capacity for storage of hazardous waste is around 2.77 MMT. CPCB has carried out ground water quality monitoring regarding at 2 TSDFs located at Nandesari and Ankleshwar.

1. Nandesari

In Maharashtra state presently 2 common secured land fill sites are operational, the sites are located at Taloja, Capacity of 0.15 MMT and at TTC industrial area, Navi Mumbai, capacity of 0.010 MMT.

The Vadodara city is located in National Highway No.8 in between Ahmedabad and Bombay at latitude of 22^o-17’-59, longitude of 73^o-15’-18 having a population of 13.23 lakhs approximately. The quantity of solid waste generated in Vadodara city is around 500 MT/day and per capita waste is around 0.378 kg/day.

The disposal of solid waste is carried out at nine landfill sites. The site at Vadsar is in operation on the bank of river Vishwamitri, the mixed garbage is being dumped in this site without any segregation. Further, the solid waste is being burnt in the site, which contaminates the ambient air near the dumping site. During the monsoon season the dumped garbage is being washed out into the river Vishwamitri and contaminating the river. A Physical Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste in Vadodara is as below.

An attempt has been made to study the seasonal impact of dumping of municipal solid waste by way of monitoring the Vishwamitri river, Ambient air etc.

Some of the observations based on study of the management of Municipal Solid Waste Management are as below.

• There was no segregation of garbage at source.
• The haphazard dumping of waste on roadside at various unauthorized places have been noticed. This results in logging of rainwater in most areas of the city.
• Drainage system of the major part of the city was poor.
• Rag pickers are exposed to toxic fumes because of practice of the burning garbage.
• There was no scheduled time fixed by VMC for collection of domestic waste from dustbins.
• At Vadsar dumping site, mixed garbage is burnt on the bank of the river Vishwamitri which disturb the flora and fauna of the Ecosystem and also deteriorates the river water quality and ambient air
• The bio-hazardous waste generated from various health care facility collected by private agency is also being dumped along with Municipal waste at Vadsar dumping site.

• Municipal Market - Commercial, Residential Area
• Somnath Circle - Industrial, Commercial areas
• Kachigaon Circle – Industrial area.

The study has conducted for ambient air quality, noise pollution, ground water, surface water (River Daman Ganga) and sea water quality (at Beaches) monitoring. The results of the air quality monitoring reveals, the fast deterioration of air quality in Daman due to industrialization and urbanization. The water analysis results show that, the coastal water is being contaminated due to discharge of industrial as well as domestic waste water into the sea.

There are 19 CETPs in Gujarat and 12 CETPs in Maharashtra, located in different industrial areas. The results of the performance evaluation monitoring are as follows:

The monitoring results show that, in Gujarat most of the CETPs are not meeting the prescribed standards stipulated by the GPCB.

In Maharashtra only two CETPs have been monitored for the performance evolution.

The Aquaculture can be described in simple terms as the controlled raising of aquatic animals and plants. The principle behind it is to control the environment, nutrition, breeding and life cycle, so as to improve the quality and productivity of their crops, thereby commercializing the activity. India is placed fifth in the major aquaculture shrimp producers in the world, after Thailand, China, Equador and Indonesia, contributing about 8.59% of the total world production (1999). At present China leads among all shrimp producing countries, which is contributing 60% of the world production. In India almost 59% of the shrimp export is contributed from the aquaculture.

In the process of coastal aquaculture large quantity of brackish water/coastal water is drawn and utilized for culture and finally discharged as wastewater to the same system, which is significant as far as coastal water quality is concerned. The aquaculture practiced in India can be categorized into four types such as Traditional, Extensive culture, Modified extensive culture, Semi intensive culture. In India the aquaculture practice was limited to the coastal states like West Bengal, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

The state of Gujarat has a coastline of 1,663 km endowed with coastal features suitable for developing the aquaculture. Even though the state has 3,76,000 hectares of potential brackish water area, so far it has developed only 540 hectares of land for aquaculture. Mainly the aqua farms are scattered in the coastal districts like Valsad, Bilimora, Navasari, Surat, Bahvnagar etc. In Union territory of Daman and Diu 55 hectares of salt pans have been converted into aquaforms recently. In Maharashtra state. The Maharashtra state is having the coast line of 720 km and 80,000 hectares of brackish water area, out of which only 300 hectares have been utilized for the aquaculture in the area like Tarapur, Alibag, Ratnagiri.

This office has monitored 15 aquaculture ponds located near Surat. The results of the samples reveal that the coastal water is being contaminated due to the discharge of waste water during the harvesting, which carries the nutritional load into the sea in the form of nitrates, sulphates and phosphates etc.

CPCB sponsored this project to Banwasi Sewa Asram, an active NGO in Singrauli area . In order to ensure regular surveillance the project continued for the second successive year in 2003-04. Focused on generating trends in air and water quality data in the area and also to suggest area specific measures of pollution control, the salient findings of the study in year 2003-04 are as under:

Ambient air quality was monitored at six different locations for RSPM, SPM, SO2 NOx, Fluoride and mercury at each locations. It was observed that except for two locations at Kubari and Ghaghri, RSPM and SPM values were significantly high. The highest being at Dalla Bari, which is mainly due to stone crushers.

The other parameters observed in higher concentration were mercury and fluoride. Both of them have been reported at all the six locations, their area wise concentration vary in wide range. It was observed that apart from high mercury and fluoride concentrations and sporadic cases of high COD, TDS and conductivity the rest of the physico-chemical parameters are close to prescribed norms.

Monitoring of surface water was undertaken at River Rihand, Rihand reservoir and six major drains. The highest concentration of mercury was reported in Dongia and Balia drains respectively. The state of the reservoir and ponds was relatively better. The distribution of fluoride concentration are depicted in following figures.

CPCB organized a workshop on Problem Area Singrauli, wherin the Action plan for Singrauli area was reviewed and revised in accordance to CREP recommendations. The salient points of the Revised Action Plan are.

1. Networking of ambient air quality monitoring stations operated by various agencies, in Singrauli area
2. Online stack monitoring of PM, SO₂, NOx by all the industries; additionally PAH & F in stack online by HINDALCO industries; M/s Kanoria Chemicals and Power Plants to make provision for online monitoring of Hg and F in source emission
3. Comprehensive Environmental Study (carrying capacity) and health survey in Singrauli area on ‘ cost sharing basis’
4. A comprehensive study by CPCB to verify the efforts by M/s Kanoria Chemicals Ltd. and M/s HINDALCO- Renukoot.
5. Comprehensive monitoring of Murdhawa drain with particular reference to fluoride shall be carried out jointly by CPCB and HINDALCO.
6. A training for industry representatives by CPCB for monitoring and analysis of air pollutants
7. M/s Kanoria Chemicals Ltd to expedite the switch-over to " Membrane Cell Process" for production of Caustic soda so as to achieve 50% switch-over by 2006 and 100% switch-over by 2008
8. NTPC to initiate disposal of fly ash in low-lying area near ‘Nigahi mines’ belonging to National Coal Fields Ltd. (NCL) by Dec 2004.
9. Uttar Pradesh Vidyut Utpadan Ltd. (UPVUNL) to install ESPs in all its non-complying thermal power plants by December 2005
10. UPPCB to initiate action against defaulting stone crushers and other defaulting industries.
11. All the coalmines in Singrauli area to achieve ‘Zero Discharge’ by March 2005.

Performance evaluation of 5 CETPs at Kanpur, Mathura, Phillore, Jalandhar and Kundli was carried out. The salient findings as emerged out of the latest observations and the Treatment Efficiency ( % removal ) are as below :

The plant is poorly maintained and operated on 28% of the designed flow. Due to intermediate pumping station not in order, a significant quantum of the tannery wastewater (5 to 6 MLD) instead of reaching CETP is by passed to R.Ganga.

The plant been satisfactorily operational, overall treatment economics of the plant has been good, however the facility for storage of hazardous chrome bearing sludge requires improvement.

The plant management has taken-up measures to further upgrade the plant, disposal of treated wastewater and pre-treatment by member units. The only tanning unit performing chrome tanning has established Recovery Plant. The issue of disposal of treated wastewater has been sorted out with local administration and currently it is disposed in Sewage Treatment Plant at -Phillore

The plant is yet to come up to the desired level of treatment efficiency. Mainly due to apathy of management and poor operation of pre-treatment units by the members the plant is in overall poor state. A significant observation has been high content of floating oil in CETP in spite of all the member units having installed the ‘Oil Traps’. In random inspection, these oil traps are by passed by many units.

The CETP is being used as Sewage Treatment Plant because it caters to treatment of sewage collected from the Industrial Area through CETP conveyance network. Although the plant appears to be in a reasonably satisfactory performance, The water polluting industries, backed-out from sending their wastewater for treatment at the CETP, are yet to establish their ETP. The wastewater although received at CETP is merely pumped untreated, to Drain No. VI joining R. Yamuna. The CETP has outlived its purpose owing to the high cost of treatment. As understood from Haryana State Industrial Development Corpn, Sonipat, a new CETP of 10 MLD in three modules each of 4MLD, 2 MLD and 3 MLD is under construction adjacent to Drain No. VIII at Kundli. This shall cater to treatment of wastewater from all the industries in Kundli Industrial Area. The first module of 4 MLD of the new CETP is scheduled for commissioning in Oct ’05. The existing CETP at Kundli is likely to be abandoned.

With continued efforts made by Punjab Pollution control Board and CPCB ZO North, the CETP at Jalandhar after remaining closed for more than 2 years has been ultimately put under stabilization with Punjab State Industries Exports Corpn (PSIEC) awarding the contract of operation of the plant. Meanwhile PPCB is still pursuing the legal proceedings against Punjab Leather Federation, a consortium of tanneries in Punjab (mainly in Jalandhar leather complex) as the establishment of chrome recovery plant, payment of O&M cost for CETP, obtaining Consent of PPCB by the tanneries and such other issues are yet to be resolved.

CPCB has investigated different tanneries in Kanpur, Unnao and Jalandhar (Punjab). Apart from stressing the core issue of wastewater treatment the other issue taken up include implementation of corporate responsibility for environment protection (CREP) Recommendations.

The outcome of a series of efforts has been as following :

1. Industries have initiated steps for waste minimization by constituting Waste Minimization Circles with CLRI as Nodal Agency.
2. Steps for chrome recovery – reuse, salt recovery and regular operation of pre-treatment plant have been initiated.
3. In case of tanneries’ cluster at Kanpur there has been stress on establishment of chrome recovery plant either individual or joining common chrome recovery plant proposed at Kanpur. Process on this issue at Jalandhar has not been very encouraging. In case of Phillore (Jalandhar) and Unnao all the chrome tanning units (raw to wet blue or integrated) have established individual Chrome Recovery Plants.
4. In Kanpur ‘in principle’ agreement has been arrived at for contribution of ‘one-time’ share of capital cost for the common CRP.
5. 23 units not initiating steps for chrome recovery plant and compliance of other norms, have been issued with ‘ Direction of Closure’ by UPPCB. Subsequently as a measure of further enforcement, a joint inspection by CPCB and UPPCB was undertaken and it was noted that 7 to 8 units have initiated steps for chrome recovery either individually or by joining common chrome recovery plant.

There are 83 coal based thermal power plants of which 4 plants are closed.

• 55 plants comply with emission standards & 23 plants are yet to comply with the emission standards.
• 63 plants comply with effluent standards & 15 plants are yet to comply with the effluent standards.

The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India has promulgated a Gazette Notification (GSR 560(E) & 378(E), dated September 19, 1997 and June 30, 1998 respectively) on use of beneficiated/blended coal containing ash not more than 34 percent( an.av.) w.e.f. June 2001(extended to June 2002) in the following power plants :

• Power plants located beyond 1000 kms. from pit head;
• Power plants located in critically polluted areas, urban areas and in ecologically sensitive areas.

The power plants using FBC (CFBC, PFBC & AFBC) and IGCC combustion technologies are exempted to use beneficiated coal irrespective of their locations

Beneficiated/blended coal having ash content 34% or less is used by 24 thermal power plants (85 units) . The name and unit details of such plants are given below:

During the year 2003-04, CIL and SCCL supplied 258 million tones of coal to thermal power plants in the country. Of which 38.49 million tones washed coal was supplied by the exiting 14 non coking coal washeries. There is still gap of about 49.51 million tones of washed coal to cover all 39 identified plants located either 1000 km from pit head or in critically polluted area, sensitive or urban area.

During the year 2003-04, nearly 32 percent of total flyash generation (110 million tonnes) in the country is utilised mainly for manufacturing cement, bricks and construction of roads and embankments.

A study on "Assessment of Heavy metals emissions from coal fired thermal power plants" was completed . Heavy metals such as Hg, Pb, Cr, Co, Cd, Ni, Cu & Zn were analysed in coal, flyash & bottom ash samples collected from 8 thermal power stations. The concentration of Hg, Pb, As, Cr, Cd & Ni metals in coal samples ranged from 0.18-0.61; 6-88; 11-112; Nd-12; 2-101 & 9-72 µg/g respectively. While in flyash , the concentration of Hg, As, Pb was found to be in the range of ND-0.12, ND- 25, 3-39 µg/g of flyash . The concentration of metals could not be detected significantly in Bottom ash samples only except in one sample , Hg was detected i.e. 0.003 µg/g .

The concentration of Hg, Pb, As, Cr, Cd, Ni, Cu & Zn was also found significant in both form i.e. as particulate and gaseous in the stack emissions. The concentration of Hg in particulate & gaseous emissions after ESP was recorded to be in the range of 4.98 – 25 & 5.5 – 87.1 µg/ NM³ respectively.

Mercury is difficult to control because it is present in flue gas as a vapor (either in the elemental or ionic form), rather than as particulate matter like other metals. As a vapor, it easily passes through particulate control devices such as bag houses and electrostatic precipitators. Low concentrations of mercury in utility flue gas make collection even more difficult. While conventional control technology does remove some mercury, the amount of mercury emitted to the air is still significant. Therefore to achieve significant mercury reductions, additional control strategies, including both front-end changes (increased efficiency, fuel switching, lower-mercury coal), and end-of pipe controls are needed. It should be kept in mind, however, that all end-of-pipe control technologies generate additional waste streams that contain heavy metals and other toxic compounds. If not managed properly these wastes also have the potential to contaminate groundwater and air.

Coal Cleaning involves reducing the ash component, which contains trace minerals including mercury, as well as sulfur compounds, before the coal is crushed and introduced into the boiler for combustion. This process is used to lower shipping, storage, and handling costs per unit of heating value, and improves boiler output per unit weight input of coal. Coal cleaning has primarily focused on removing sulfur to reduce acid-rain-related emissions.

Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) are used to reduce fly ash emissions by creating an ionized field that removes charged particles. Although they have low energy requirements and operating costs, ESPs have limited ability to remove mercury because mercury exists in a vapor form in flue gas and does not generally adsorb fly ash particles at typical combustion temperatures.

Average mercury removal efficiency : 24%

Percent of utility boilers equipped with ESPs: 99.5% (320 out of 325)

Fabric Filter (Baghouses), also used to limit fly ash emissions, pass flue gas through a tightly woven fabric capturing particulates on the fabric by sieving and other mechanisms. The dust cake that forms on the filter can increase significantly the collection efficiency. Baghouses can potentially reduce both elemental and ionic mercury.

Average mercury removal efficiency : 28%

Percent of utility boilers equipped with baghouses: 0.6% (2 out of 325)

Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) or Scrubbers are installed to remove sulfur dioxide from power plant flue gas. Scrubbers use sorbents to create the chemical reactions needed to remove SO2. There are wet and dry scrubbers, with wet scrubbers being more efficient (up to 95%) in removing SO2 than dry scrubbers. One of the waste products generated through the wet scrubber process is gypsum (calcium sulfate), which is sold commercially or disposed of. Already in place to help coal-fired boilers meet SO2 emissions regulations, there is significant interest in using these systems to simultaneously remove SO2 and trace metals, including mercury. Wet scrubbers are more efficient in removing ionic mercury from waste incinerator flue gas compared to utility boiler flue gas.

Average mercury removal : 34%

Percent of utility boilers using technology: 0.3% (1 out of 325)

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) SCR technology is used to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) by using low NOx burners to create a fuel-rich primary combustion zone. This reduces the amount of thermal and fuel NOx created during combustion. NOx, a main component of smog, can be reduced up to 90% using SCR. SCRs have also been found to increase the amount of oxidized mercury downstream. Since mercury in an oxidized form is more readily captured by scrubbers, the combination of these flue gas controls may effectively capture a significant amount of mercury. One pilot study found that by installing an SCR unit, the scrubbers mercury removal efficiency increased to about 80%.

Although methods for mercury capture have been developed mainly for waste incinerators, new mercury control technologies are being developed for coal-fired utility boilers. Currently, none of these systems are being deployed commercially. Some of these technologies include:

Carbon Injection is the mercury control technology closest to commercialization for power plants. It involves the direct injection of activated carbon into the flue gas stream of a utility boiler. The carbon is collected in downstream particulate control equipment. Mercury removal depends on the total amount of carbon used, temperature, mercury speciation, flue gas composition, and type and amount of activated carbon used, averaging about 80-98% reduction.

Carbon Filter Beds are capable of removing high mercury concentrations from waste incinerators. In addition, several power plants in Germany and Japan use this technology for acid gas removal and achieve more than 90 percent mercury control as a co-benefit. However, carbon filter beds have not been tested for power plant flue gas mercury removal in the U.S. One pilot project measured at least 99% mercury removal on a municipal waste incinerator.

Condensing Heat Exchangers have a tube-and-shell heat exchanger which uses water to extract the residual heat from flue gas. A pilot test showed mercury removal of 84% with a boiler slipstream in addition to 11-36% removal of other toxic metals.

Mercury Capture using a Noble Metal Sorbent is based on the ability of some metals, gold in particular, to form alloys with mercury. This alloy formation is reversible and at elevated temperatures, the mercury revolatilizes. Lab tests of alumina-supported gold showed 95% removal of gaseous mercury, regardless of chemical form. Since gold can be continuously re-used and the mercury can be sold, the process generates no waste. However, if the captured mercury is not being retired, and rather is introduced into the market late, the mercury sold will likely generate waste elsewhere.

Fuel Switching is switching from coal or oil to natural gas or renewable like wind or solar. The use of cleaner fuels would largely eliminate emissions of articulates, other metals, SO2, NOx, and carbon dioxide, as well as reduce by over 99% all mercury emissions.

A study to assess the feasibility for meeting the emission limit of 100 mg/NM3 of particulate matter emission limit was carried through Central electricity authority, New Delhi under Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection ( CREP)., a characterization was made based on the particulate emission data collected from 325 units from 74 thermal power stations. Of which, the particulate emission was within 100 mg/NM³ in 25 plants ( 77 units), More than 100 and less than 150 mg/NM3 was in 42 plants ( 135 units ) , Between 150 to less than 350 mg/NM3 was in 25 plants ( 70 Units) and particulate emission was more than 350 mg/Nm3 was in 11 plants ( 28 units). The study includes the constraints in achieving the limit of 100 mg/NM3 and also assessed the impact of coal quality on reducing the particulate matter emission. Recommendations and Road map have been suggested to achieve the emission limit of 100 mg/NM³ . The recommendations are as :

• Washed/ beneficiated coal containing ash less than 30% may be used along with upgradation of existing control systems
• Augmentation of existing ESPs by increasing Specific Collection Area (SCA) and replacing existing controllers with microprocessor based controllers wherever necessary. Old boilers may be renovated alongwith upgradation of ESPs which will reduce lead time of ESP augmentation
• After detailed indepth investigation and evaluation of performance, Flue Gas Conditioning may be adopted
• Internal inspection and periodic monitoring and maintenance of ESPs

1. Forty plants can meet the emission limit of 100 mg/NM³ by Increasing Specific Collection Area (SCA) and addition of more fields and replacing existing controllers with microprocessor based controllers wherever not replaced.
2. 24 plants can meet the emission limit of 100 mg/NM³ by replacing existing controllers with microprocessor based controllers wherever not replaced and Fine tuning and adequate maintenance of each ESP, Flue gas duct and Boiler.
3. 20 plants can meet the emission limit of 100 mg/NM³ by using beneficiated /washed coal alongwith Flue Gas Conditioning

The estimated cost of Rs .1740 croe will be required in reducing the particulate matter to the level of 100 mg /NM³ in thermal power stations.

In the background of NEERI report as well as IIT, Roorkee, the options for silt management were considered by the Committee.

• Carrying the dredged silt slurry through Suketi Khad when the natural flow of Suketi Khad is adequate to keep the silt in suspension with resultant free flow up to Beas river confluence

• Carrying the dredged silt slurry to the river Beas through pipeline

• Carrying the dredged silt slurry to the river Sutlej through the cunette on a side of the Alsad khad bed

• Carrying the dredged silt slurry to the river Sutlej through a tunnel Channelisation of Suketi Khad and disposal of silt slurry through the channelised stretch

• Utilization of silt in brick making or as building material to the feasible extent

• Carrying the dredged silt slurry to the river Sutlej through the pipeline concealed under the Alsad khad bed

• Disposal of only Medium silt ( -0.2 to + 0.075 mm) into Suketi khad

The flushing will remove silt from flow regime of Beas river upstream of Pandoh upto about a km. of back water stretch. Though the option has limited role in controlling the silt load to balancing reservoir, but is an environmentally compatible and economically viable.

The quantity of sediment entering to Balancing Reservoir can be reduced considerably by closing of PBT when reservoir flow brings in large quantity of sediment. Therefore , it is recommended that PBT may be closed during high silt load exceeding 2500 ppm and/or high discharge exceeding 50000 cusecs.

Till the adoption and implementation of long term measures, the dredging rate may be augmented to full capacity restricted to monsoon period only with operation of two dredgers having a combined capacity of about 810 M3/hr, so that the khad can carry away the silt and river Beas can absorb it in its turbid flood flow.

This process of dredging needs strict monitoring of flow in Suketi Khad and silting in agricultural fields to ensure maximum removal of silt with minimum silting in the fields.

• Discharge site at Pung I-u/s Suketi diversion
• Discharge site at u/s of confluence of Beena with Suketi Khad at RD I 2250 mts.
• Discharge site at Dadaur bridge RD 900 of of Suketi Khad
• Discharge site site near existing irrigation pump house
• At hanging bridge in river Beas after confluence of Suketi Khad.
• U/s of river Beas before confluence of Suketi Khad.
• flow of Baggi Lohara khad should be monitored to look into the avlaibility of minimum dilution in the khad for flushing of silt upto the river Beas via suketi Khad . This will also help to tackle the problem of silt deposition in nearby agricultural fields that is often faced by the nearby villagers.

1. Longitudinal and cross sectional data of Suketi Khad in the center reach to assess the aggradations/ degradations of the reach
2. The mining in the bed of Suketi Khad and other Khads in the area should be banned.

In the mean time BBMB should create and establish necessary infrastructure for measurement of flow, Longitudinal-section, Slope etc. of Suketi Khad.so that future planning can be undertaken.

Fugitive emissions are generated at various stages of manufacturing process. The degree of fugitive emissions and the type of control measures adopted varies from industry to industry. It is generally observed that in most cement industries the measures taken or the control adopted for controlling these fugitive emissions are not always satisfactory and as a result substantial quantity of fugitive emissions are generated which spread within and out side the industry premises and causes adverse impacts on human health and environment.

The overall scenario in cement manufacturing industries in terms of controlling fugitive emissions needs to be improved. Keeping in view the problem of fugitive emissions, a study on "Assessment of fugitive emissions and development of environmental guidelines for control of fugitive emissions in cement manufacturing" has been undertaken in association with National Productivity Council, New Delhi and IIT, Kanpur.

The study includes identification of all fugitive emission sources, monitoring of fugitive emission, quantification of fugitive emission, characterisation of dust and analysis of the samples for metals. The study will suggest the standards for fugitive emission and develop environmental guidelines to control fugitive emission. Two cement plants have been visited under the project.

The Task Force for implementation of the CREP recommendations for cement industry has been continued and Task force for asbestos based industries has been constituted under the Chairmanship of Shri Paritosh C. Tyagi with following Terms of Reference.

• To monitor the progress made by industry in implementing the recommendations of CREP.
• To visit some of the units to verify the compliance of CREP recommendations
• The Task Force will meet at least once in two months and submit its report to the Steering Committee once in six months.
• To finalize the load based standard for Cement Industry
• To finalize SO₂/NO_x standard for Cement Industry
• To suggest clean technology and waste management scheme for cement industry.

The two meetings of the Task Force were convened and the present status of implementation of recommendations of Charter on CREP for cement industries is given below.

The Environmental Policy for co-incineration of high calorific value hazardous waste in cement kiln was prepared by CPCB and discussed in Chairmen and Member Secretaries conference held on March 8-9, 2004. So far this has been a thrust area in India, while internationally high calorific Value hazardous waste is being co-incinerated in Cement Kiln. The advantage being that at a high temperature of 1400°C the organic compounds are likely to be destroyed. Further, interaction of the flue gases and the raw material present in the kiln ensures that the non-combustible part of the residue is held back in the process and is incorporated into the clinker in a practically irreversible manner. It also helps in energy saving, CO₂ emission reduction and carbon trading.

The cement industries have expressed their interest in the matter and have come forward for co-incineration of high calorific value hazardous waste in cement kiln. M/s Rajashree Cement located in Distt. Gulbarga of Karnataka State has been granted permission by Karnataka Pollution Control Board and Central Pollution Control Board to conduct trial run for co-incineration of ETP Sludge generated from BASF India Ltd., Mangalore. The trial run has been initiated from 16^th January, 2005 during which ETP Sludge is being used in different proportions. Intensive monitoring of expected air pollutants (pollutants identified for hazardous waste incinerator) during the trial period is being conducted. Monitoring is also being conducted to cover one week before trial run and one week after trial run to generate the background / reference data. The VOC, hydrocarbon, TOC, PAH, heavy metals are being monitored besides the routine parameter i.e. particulate matter, SO2, NOx, HCl, HF, CO. The dioxins and furans which is considered as the most important and critical parameter is also being monitored. The details of the monitoring schedule are provided at Annexure I. The ambient air quality is also being monitored during the trial period. Even soil samples are being collected before and after the trial run to assess the impact of dust emission during co-incineration on soil quality. More over, the product i.e. clinker is being tested for its quality as per BIS norms including leachability and heavy metals content by the National Council for Cement and Building Materials.

Two more cement industries have also been given permission for trial run by concerned SPCBs and CPCB. M/s Grasim Cement Industries (Cement Div.), Reddipalayam, Tamilnadu will co-incinerate refinery sludge, paint sludge and used tyre chips. M/s Laxmi Cement, Sirohi, Rajasthan will co-incinerate the CETP Sludge generated at Pali, Rajasthan. These trials will be undertaken after the first trial at M/s Rajashree Cement is over.

The issue of co-incineration of hazardous waste in cement kiln on trial basis needs to be given momentum. As cement industries are located all over the country, therefore, there is an urgent need to identify high calorific value hazardous wastes available in the proximity of the cement plants which may be co-incinerated in cement kiln (subject to clearance after trial run).

Emission Limits : The implementation of emission limits for new diesel engines (upto 800 KW) for generator sets (Genset) applications notified, vide GSR 371(E), May 17, 2002 (and its amendments), has been rescheduled vide GSR 448 (E), dated July 12, 2004, as given below in the table. The emission limits for different ratings of diesel engines for genset application are presented under:

However, for the existing generator sets (upto 1000 kVA), as well as, all generator sets more than 1000 kVA the noise level shall be controlled by providing an acoustical enclosure or by treating the room acoustically at the users’ end. Further, the acoustic enclosure or acoustic treatment of the room shall be designed for minimum 25 dB(A) insertion loss or for meeting the ambient noise standards, whichever is on the higher side.

Bank Guarantees from diesel engine/genset manufacturers were collected as per the provisions of GSR 520(E), July 1, 2003. The Bank Guarantees were required to be submitted by the manufacturers of diesel engines for genset application (upto 19 kW) desiring to obtain the benefit of extension of time for compliance with emission.

The 6^th Meeting of the "Standing Committee for Emission from RIC engines for Off-Road Application" was held on 16.4.2004. The Committee monitored the compliance status of emission limits for petrol/kerosene generator sets and also diesel engines for genset application. A Sub-Committee was also constituted to initiate work on development of emission limits for gas based generator sets and also to review the ‘System & Procedure for Compliance with emission limits for pertrol/kerosene generator sets".

With an objective to study the water treatment plants (WTPs) in respect of consumption of chemicals, handling of sludge and filter back-wash waters, the Central Pollution Control Board collected information through questionnaire survey (76 cities with population below one lakh and 126 cities having population more than a lakh) and conducted field studies in 52 water treatment plants and samples were collected from 30 treatment plants (including fluoride and arsenic removal plants).

Based on the studies and survey, recommendations for better treatment of water were distributed to all State Pollution Control Boards and Committees. The recommendations are as follows:

• Wherever, there is possibility of organic matters in raw waters, BOD may also be analysed regularly. In such cases, specific treatments are also required to be given other than pre-chlorination.Pre-chlorination may be avoided as far as possible, because organic matters present in waters tend to form harmful Trihalomethanes (THMs). Use of chemicals such as ozone, copper sulphate, potassium permanganate etc. may be explored. During post-chlorination for disinfection purpose, it may be ensured to avoid excess dosages.
• It should be ensured that alum dozing equipment remains functional throughout the year and only requisite dose of alum is added, which shall be worked out through jar tests at set frequency.
• Recycling of filter backwash water may be endorsed for water conservation.
• The technology developed by CPCB for recovery and reuse of alum used for clarification, may be explored for cost-optimization and safe disposal of sludge.
• Raw water quality specific treatment units are to be ensured for removal special toxics (fluoride, arsenic etc.) wherever required. In case of chemical treatment, it is essential to ensure safe disposal of chemical sludge as per existing Rules and guidelines.
• As the wastes from WTPs generally do not meet the requirement of 30 mg/l BOD and 100 mg/l SS, these should be treated and properly disposed. WTP authorities are required to take the consent from the State Pollution Control Boards/Committes and to ensure treatment and safe disposal of WTP rejects.
• A mechanism, similar to that of boiler inspectors may be required to ensure proper functioning of chlorinators.
• Adequate laboratory facilities with qualified analysts are essential to moniter and ensure desired water quality. There is a need to develop the database on THMs and pesticides over the time.
• Proper training of operators is required. Database on operation and maintenance of WTPs should be prepared and shared with others.
• It may be appropriate to establish safe drinking water authority to establish enforceable water quality standards, lay down procedures for operation and maintenance of WTPs and for monitoring of water quality at different points in WTPs as well as at end points of the distribution system.
• State Pollution Control Boards/Committees in accordance with the function laid down under the Section 17 (f) of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, may inspect the water treatment plants/works at regular interval.

The Central Pollution Control Board after conducting extensive studies, developed draft national emission standards for pesticides manufacturing industry. These standards were debated and approved by Expert Peer and Core Committee and subsequently reviewed by the Central Board in 132^nd meeting and recommended for forwarding to MoEF, Government of India for issuance of the Notification under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

Bullion refining is an important industry from economic point of view. Importance of this industry is very well illustrated by the fact that India invests huge amounts in purchase of gold and silver as the demand for these metals is increasing. The current annual demand for gold is estimated at 800 tons. Typically India accounts for 20% of total gold consumption in a year. Silver is available only as a co-product in gold refining and by-product of smelting and refining of lead, zinc and copper amounting to about total silver production 85 tones/year.

The operation and process involved in bullion refining industry are energy and water intensive, also generate emissions, effluents and solid waste in the environment. National standards need to be developed to regulate these discharges. Also to suggest implant pollution control and resource conservation, measures and other alternative pollution control, waste handling measures including that of treatment plants, so as to meet the discharge standards. A Comprehensive Industry Document (COINDS) for Billion Industry is under preparation.

Plaster of Paris (PoP) is a common raw material used for building, industrial and medical purposes. It is being manufactured in different grades & qualities to meet its varied use. The information available on current status of PoP industry is meager. In view of (i) non-existence of emission standards, (ii) non-existence of the overall view of this particular industry, (iii) supplementing the standards developed for ceramic industry, and (iv) public complaints, the Central Board undertook the task of preparing COINDS for Plaster of Paris with the help of the National Productivity Council, Delhi. The main objective of this document is to develop the Minimal National Standards (MINAS), which will be evolved on techno-economic consideration and acceptable to the industry.

Existing Hot Mix Plants (HMPs) in the country are either stationary or drum type based on age old technology. The locations of these plants keep on changing. The process of preparing hot mix using such plants generates dust and volatile organic compounds like BTX, PAH, PCBs and VOCs that creates air pollution. The Central Board, with the help of Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee decided to take up a study on hot mix plants in an effort to minimize the adverse environmental impacts by regulating emissions from these plants.

The study has been completed. The Central Board, in the process, interacted with different leading manufacturers of state-of-art HMPs at international level. There is a shift in technology for HMPs. Technical Presentations by three leading manufacturers of HMPs namely, M/s Speedcrafts Ltd., M/s Telco Construction Ltd.& Linhoff Technological Pte Ltd., offering state-of –art technology with a claim of PM level as low as 50 mg/m³ in emission, have been organized at CPCB. Proposed emission standards, siting criteria and good practices have been discussed with these manufacturers and other stakeholders for their comments and suggestions. The proposals were drawn and discussed in 18^th Peer and Core Committee in Central Board on 20^th April 2004. After deliberations commitee resolved to constitute a sub-committee comprising representatives from IIT Kanpur, NPC, Delhi and the Central Board to look into the proposals. The Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL), Faridabad; Sriram Institute of Industrial Research (SIIR), Delhi; M/s SGS Gurgaon; Ms Nuchem Ltd., Faridabad and IDMA Laboratories, Chandigarh have been contacted as a part of public-private partnership to built up hydrocarbon emission data before final recommendations are drawn.

A large number of units are spread across the country engaged in pulse milling, dry rice and besan grinding, wheat processing and flour making mills and rice mills using conventional production technologies which are not oriented towards minimising pollution by incorporation of implant control measures. These units give rise to substantial pollution of air, water, noise, etc. The Central Board carried out a study to evolve environmental standards for these mills with the assistance of the National Productivity Council, New Delhi.

The objective of the project is to study the problem and identify best available technology not entailing excessive cost (BATNEEC) to prevent, abate and control water, air and noise pollution and evolve standards for noise, emission and effluent including storm water disposal for wheat flour mills, pulses making mills, dry rice, pulses grinding mills and emission standards for rice mills. Information have been collected from various State Pollution Control Board and Pollution Control Commitees and compiled. Study has been completed.

Independent producer gas plants and bio gasifires are not existing except where so ever these are used for supply of cooking gas in the city. During gas manufacturing, tar is generated and let out in the environment. Gaseous emissions containing certain volatile organic compounds alongwith other gaseous pollutants such as CO, NO_x and SO₂ are emitted. Emission and effluent disposal norms are not in place for PGP and BG. With this background, the Central Board has taken up a project.

The objectives of the project is to study the emissions & effluents from producer gas plants and biomass gasifiers and to recommend suitable environmental norms for stack emissions, effluents, good practices for overall improvement of plant performance and reduction in fugitive emissions and suitable cost effective modifications for better performance. The project literature review and monitoring has been completed. A total 8 units were planned to be monitored (i.e. four coal based and four gasifier based) but, due to large variation in type of fuel used for gas generation 3 bio-mass based (1 No. rice husk as fuel + 2 No. wood as fuel), 3 charcoal based gasifiers and 5 coal based gasifier have been monitored. Collection of information from SPCBs and PCCs is under progress. Project is likely to be completed soon and recommendations will be drawn.

Due to the urbanization, industrialization, economic developments and population rise in the country, new models of vehicles , people are getting increasingly mobile which has a direct bearing on vehicular traffic. It is expected that number of bus depots, service stations and workshops will increase throughout the country rapidly.

There are 28 States and 6 Union Territories with approx 600 districts in India. All the states and U.T.s have their own state transport corporations/roadways (STC/R). Many of mega and metro cities have their own transport corporations like BEST, DTC, etc. There could be 2-5 bus depots in every district and 10-30 bus depots in metro and mega cities. It is estimated that at least 2250 bus depots are owned by the STC/R. Bus depots are required for parking, night shelter, repair and overhauling works, washing, painting, repainting, servicing, fueling/refueling of buses and other related purposes. Typically, a bus depot caters to 25-150 buses. Predominantly diesel is used as fuel. However, city buses are also operated on compressed natural gas (CNG) in Delhi and Mumbai. Apart from the STC/R, a number of private companies and individuals also have a fleet of buses, mini buses or maxi cabs. Movement of goods by road is predominantly done using trucks and tractors. As per rough estimates, there may be more than 50,000- service stations throughout the country owned by automobile manufacturers, their agents, individuals or STC/R.

The current practices in service stations and bus depots are not oriented towards minimizing pollution by incorporation of implant pollution control measures. Of late, effluent treatment, emission and noise control and implant pollution control measures are being given importance in this sector. Considerable changes have been brought in manufacturing processes and repair & maintenance schedule and practices of vehicles to improve upon the efficiency and to lower the cost of operation & maintenance in order to minimize the use of water, electricity, manpower, wastage of fuel reducing frequency of painting, replacement of battery, tyre and tubes and idling of vehicles. Some of the technological developments have helped in prevention, abatement and control of pollution apart from increase in life of vehicle, better comforts to passengers, lesser operation & maintenance cost and fewer breakdowns.

The effluent standards for service stations, paint shops and workshop do not exist. To assess the situation and to formulate and evolve storm water, effluent, solid waste management, noise and emission standards for bus depots, workshops and service stations a project has been initiated with the objectives of the project were : (1) to study the environmental problems due to effluent, sewage, emissions, noise, and hazardous waste generations (including waste/used oil, and used batteries) from automobile service station, bus depot and workshop ; (2) to collect the information on the status (i.e. number, size and location) of automobile service station, workshop, bus depot etc. in the country; (3) to monitor air ,water (domestic and industrial), noise, solid waste and storm water, pollution due to operations of the automobile service station ,bus depots and workshops; a minimum of 17 service stations and 4 bus depots in different parts of the country; (4) to identify appropriate pollution abatement and control systems based on ‘best available technology not entailing excessive cost’ (BATNEEC) concept; (5) to evolve suitable environmental standards, guidelines which could be techno economically feasible for the automobile service station, workshop and bus depot; and (6) to recommend good practices and better housekeeping for all operations. The consultant has been identified for the project and the study is likely to be completed by December 2006.

All the cashew seeds processing units are in small scale sector. There are two commonly followed methods of Cashew seed processing, viz roasting and cooking process. The cashew seeds roasting process releases thick smoke by the roasting drum through the stack. The smoke has irritating odour. The process also generates wastewater from the quenching operation of the roasted seeds. In cooking process, steam is generated in baby boiler and steam is supplied in kettle (Cooker) for cooking of seeds. In cooking process, Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) vegetable oil is extracted from the shells of the seeds which has a market value in paint and resin industry. However, roasted process is preferred by the manufacturers. These units generally operates in the morning i.e. from 6.00 to 12.00 O’ Clock. About 10,000 workers, 90% of them are women, are dying a slow death. Lung problems breathing disorders , allergies and rashes are common. Nothing has been done to update the technology.These units are existing in Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Goa and Karnataka.It was proposed a detailed survey and to prepare COINDS for Cashew seed processing units. Monitoring of cashew seed processing industries for air, water and noise has been completed.

Material Safety Data Sheets come in many forms and present the information in different ways. Regardless of the format, the Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA) requires that all individuals using or otherwise coming into contact with chemical materials have access to the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for those materials. MSDS provides pertinent information as to the chemical identity of the product, hazardous ingredients present, physical characteristics, fire and explosion data, reactivity data, handling recommendations & procedures, and personal protection recommendations.

There is a list of 684 hazardous & toxic chemicals under Schedule 1 ( Part II) and other lists of 30 and 179 chemicals under Schedule 2 and Schedule 3 (Part –I) under the Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals (MSIHC) Rules, 1989 as amended to date. Another list of 179 chemicals, notified as part of Public Liability Insurance Rules, 1999 also exists. In total, there are 708+ chemicals for which MSDS are required as per existing Rules and Notifications. A number of 22 organization, institutes, national and international publishers were contacted out of which 12 responded. Technical and financial bids were separately called. Bids are being evaluated.