WATER QUALITY
ASSESSMENT
NATIONAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING
PROGRAMME
To ensure restoration and maintaining the wholesomeness of aquatic resources. The water quality monitoring is undertaken at National level with following main objectives :
·
For rational planning of water pollution control strategies
and their prioritisation;
·
To assess nature and extent of pollution control measures needed
in different water bodies or their part;
·
To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already
is existence;
·
To evaluate water quality trends over a period of time;
·
To assess assimilative capacity of a water body;
·
To understand the environmental fate of different pollutants;
·
To assess the fitness of water for different uses.
Water quality monitoring is
an important exercise which helps in evaluating the nature and extent of pollution
control measures required, and effectiveness of pollution control measures already
in existence. It also helps in drawing the water quality trends and prioritising
pollution control efforts. Keeping this in mind the Central Pollution Control
Board in collaboration with State Pollution Control Boards has established a network
comprising of 870 stations (Fig. 1) in 26 States and 5 Union Territories spread
over the country. The monitoring is done on monthly or quarterly basis in surface
waters and on half yearly basis in case of groundwaters.
The monitoring network covers 168 Rivers, 53 Lakes, 5 Tanks, 2 Ponds, 3
Creeks, 3 Canals, 10 Drains and 181 Wells. During the year 2004-05 86 new stations
are sanctioned to ten state pollution control boards. The states where new stations
sanctioned are Bihar, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka,
Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Uttaranchal.
Monitoring Results:
The monitoring results obtained
during 2004 indicate that organic pollution continues to be the predominant source
of pollution of aquatic resources. The organic pollution measured in terms of bio-chemical oxygen demand
(BOD) adbacteriological pollution measured in terms of coliform count gives the
indication of extent of water quality degradation in different parts of our country.
It is observed that nearly 66% of the observations are having BOD less
than 3 mg/l, 19% between 3-6 mg/l and 15% above 6 mg/l.
Similarly, Total & Fecal coliform,
which indicate presence of pathogens in water, are also a major concern. About
44% observations are having Total coliform
and 59% observations are having Fecal
coliform less than MPN 500/100 ml.
Water Quality Trend
The water quality trends during the period 1994-2004 with respect to BOD, Total coliform and Fecal Coliform are shown in bar diagram indicating different ranges of BOD and Coliform organisms. It is clear from the bar diagram that there is a increasing trend in percentage of observations having BOD below 3 mg/l. This indicate that there is a gradual improvement in water quality with respect to organic pollution.
Status of Water Quality in India
The
water quality data on rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks and groundwater locations being
monitored under the NWMP network for 2002 and 2003 is evaluated against the water
quality criteria. The monitoring locations in exceedence with respect to one or
more parameters are identified as polluted and require action for restoration
of water quality. The locations on rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks and groundwater
not meeting the criteria are given below.
·
Water quality of river
Beas at D/s of Pathankot and Mukerian and river Satluj at D/s of Budhanala in
Ludhiana, at Boat Bridge Dharmkotnakodar Road and at D/S of East Bein in Jallandhar
found deteriorated and degraded as compared to stipulated requirement.
·
River Ganga at downstream
of Narora, Kannauj, Varanasi, Kanpur, Bahrampur, Dakshineshwar, Uluberia and Palta
is not meeting the desired water quality for bathing as well as organized water
supply for drinking purpose. The water quality of river Yamuna is deteriorated
after the intake point of Warzirabad Barrage and does not confirm for beneficial
uses for over 500 km that extends beyond Etawah. Water supply of Agra is worst
affected due to high BOD and Ammonia in the river Yamuna. Other tributaries having
higher concentration of pollutants are Hindon near Binauli town and Ghaziabad;
Kalinadi (tributary of river Hindon) at downstream of Muzzafarrnagar; river Kali
(tributary of river Ganga) along Meerut, Hapur, Bulandshahr and Gulaothi. River
Chambal at Nagda, Kota and Rameshwarghat
(Sawaimadhopur) is polluted. River Khan at Kabit Khedi near Indore, river Kshipra at Ramghat (Ujjain)
and Triveni Sangam; Tons at Madhavgarh; Mandakini at Chitrakoot; Betwa before
confluence to Yamuna at Hamirpur; and Sone at Koelwar in Bihar. River Damodar
near Mujher mana village, after confluence of Tamla Nallah, at Haldia Downstream,
Barakar at Asansol and the Rupnarayan at Geonkhali before confluence to River
Ganga; Ramganga at Kannuj; and Gomti at Lucknow downstream are not meeting the
desired criteria.
WATER QUALTIY
STATUS & TREND FROM 1994 TO 2004
Trend
of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Trend
of Total Coliform (TC)
Trend
of Faecal Coliform (FC)
·
The mainstream of River
Brahmaputra is relatively clean however its tributaries Full Nagarjan, Teesta,
Digboi, Bharalu, Bhogdoi, Deepar Bill, Dickchu, Maney Khola and Ranichu are polluted.
·
River Mahi is conforming
to the desired water quality at all the monitoring locations.
·
River Sabarmati is grossly
polluted in the reach of Ahmedabad to Vautha. water quality of mainstream of Sabarmati and tributary streams Shedi
and Khari is acidic in some reaches with very high COD, BOD, Total and Faecal
Coliforms, Conductivity and very low DO. The acidicity of river water is attributed
to industrial wastewater discharges.
·
The mainstream of River Narmada and tributary stream Chota Tawa
are confirming to water quality for all the criteria parameters.
·
The water quality of mainstream
of river Tapi is exceeding criteria limits at Uphad village, Ajnad village, Bhusawal
upstream. and river Girna at Malegaon and Jalgaon.
·
The water quality of mainstream
of Mahanadi does not meet the criteria with respect to BOD at downstream of Paradeep,
Cuttack and Sambhalpur due to discharge of untreated sewage from cities of Cuttack
and Sambhalpur. The Water Quality of tributary
stream Seonath, Hasdeo,Ib, Kathjodi and Birupa are complying the water quality
criteria. Other streams such as Kharoon,
Kuakhai downstream of Bhubaneshwar and Kathajodi downstream of Cuttack are not
meeting the criteria limit in respect of BOD and Total Coliform.
·
The water quality of mainstream
of Brahmani with respect to BOD,Total
and Faecal Coliform is exceeding the criteria limit at downstream of Pamposh,
Rourkela and Kamalanga due to wastewater discharges from the industrial and residential
complexes of Rourkela,Talcher, Bhuban and Dharamashala. The water quality of tributary
streams Sankh, Koel and Karo are meeting the criteria with respect to indicators
of organic and bacterial pollution. The water quality of major tributary streams
Baitarni is exceeding the criteria at Chandbali and Dhamra . The Total coliform
does not meet the criteria at Anandpur, Jajpur , Chandbali and Dhamra.
·
In river Subarnarekha BOD is exceeding the criteria at Jamshedpur whereas the Total Coliform
and Fecal Coliform number are quite high at Rajghat that indicate sewage discharges
in the river.
·
The water quality of river
Godavari at downstream of Nasik and Nanded in Maharashtra and at Rajahmundry downstream
in Andhra Pradesh does not meet the criteria due to proximity of large city. The
Water Quality of tributaries streams Wainganga at ashti and at Balaghat; river
Nira at Pulgaon Cotton Mills, Wardha, river Wardha at Rajura Bridge, river Maner
at Somnapalli, river Panchavati at Ramkund and river Manjeera near Ganapathi Sugars,
Medak District, Andhra Pradesh are not meeting the criteria for BOD.
·
River Krishna does not
meet the water quality criteria at Karad, Sangli and Hamsaladeevi, Devasagar Bridge in Karnataka, at downstream of Narayanpura
Dam, at Tintini Bridge, at Thangadi, at Gadwal Bridge and at Wadapally. River
Bhima at Pune downstream of Bundgarden, Bhima at Pune upstreadm, Bhima at Pargaon
after confluence with Mula and Mutha, Bhima after confluence with river Daund
at Takli; River Panchganga at Ichalkaranji, river Nira at Sarole Bridge, river
Tunga D/S of Shimoga Town, Bhadra at Maleshwaram D/S of KIOCL, Bhadra at D/S of
Bhadravati and river Musi at upstream and downstream of Hyderabad are potentially
polluted locations having higher BOD levels.
·
River Pennar is meeting
the desired water quality criteria at all locations.
·
The Water Quality of River
Cauvery is not meeting the desired water quality criteria at Bhavani, Pallipalyam,
Erode, Velore, Mohanur, Tiruchirapalli Downstream, Trichy, Pitchavaram, and Kushal
Nagar. The water quality of tributary streams Hemavati, Shimsa, Arkavati, Lakshmantirtha,
Kabbani, Bhavani and Amravati indicates that DO is not meeting the water quality
criteria at Bhavani, at Sirumugai and at Bhavani Sagar; and river Arkavati at
Kanakpura downstream with respect to BOD.
·
River Damanganga at Kachigaon
Downstream, Par in Vapi, Ambika, Kolak, Amlakheri at Ankleshwar, Bhadar and Mindola
are not meeting the desired water quality criteria. The water of river Amlakhadi
was found acidic as the minimum pH was observed as 1.7. River Zuari and Mandovi are relatively clean
rivers and are meeting the criteria parameters. River Patalganga at Shilphata,
river Ulhas upstream Badlapur, Patalganga near intake of MIDC waterwaorks, Bhatsa
at D/s OF Pise Dam and Kalu at Atale village are not meeting the criteria due
to higher level of BOD in these rivers. The rivers in Kerala are meeting the criteria
limit for BOD except in river Karmana at Moonnathmukku. The bacterial pollution
is observed in almost all the rivers. River Nagavali at Jaykaypur, Rushikulya
at Ganjam downstream, Arasalar at Karaikal (Pondicherry), Tambiraparni at all
the locations from Papavinasam to Arumuganeri and in Palar at Vaniyambadi are
found polluted due to higher levels of BOD. The river Ghagger is grossly polluted
at majority of monitoring locations such as at Ratanhedi D/s of Patiala Nadi,
at D/s of confluence of with river Saraswati, at Moonak, upstream of Sardulgarh
and at downstream of Sardulgarh downstream due to the discharge of municipal and
industrial wastewater. River Nambul at Hump Bridge, at Heirangoithong (Manipur),
River Umtrew at Byrnihat East, River Kharkhala near Sutnga Khlieriat,Jayantia
Hills, River Ganol at Tura and River Myntdu at Jowai (Meghalaya) are observed
as polluted due to high level of BOD.
·
Lakes and Tanks having
high concentration of organic matter and do not comply to the standard limits
for BOD are Hussain Sagar lake, Dharamsagar tank, Bibinagar lake, Kistarareddypet
tank, Saroornagar lake, Pulicate lake, Gandhigudem tank, Heballa Valley lake,
Kayamkula lake, Kodungalloor lake, Osteri lake, Bahour lake, Udhagamandalam lake,
Kodaikanal lake, Periyar lake, Vembanad lake, Ashthamudi lake and Paravur lake.
Lakes and Tanks having very low DO and high BOD that do not meet the water quality
criteria limits are Kankoria Lake, Chandola lake, Pichola Lake, Udaisagar lake,
Fatehsagar lake, Kayalna lake, Nakki lake, Pushkar lake, Lower lake Bhopal, Renuka
lake, Harike lake, Naini lake, Ramgarh lake, Rabindra Sarobar lake, Elangabeel
System, Goy Sagar Tank, Loktak lake at Sendra, Umiam lake at Barapani, Ward Lake
at Shillong, Thadlaskena lake and Laxminarayan Bari Place Lake.
·
The groundwater monitoring
locations observed with high conductivity which exceeds water quality criteria
for irrigation are observed in Ramagundam, Bollaram Panchayat Office, Pashamaylam,
Vishakhapatnam (near Rama Temple) and Kakinada (near Pratap Nagar Bridge) in Andhra
Pradesh; Nerol in Gujarat; Alwaye in Kerala; Circuit house, old police Barracks,
Ottavathilpalli, near Helipad, MPSAF Quarters and Government Press in Lakshadweep;
along Chunamber river in Pondicherry; and Pali, Jodhpur and Vidhani Village (Jaipur)
in Rajasthan. Groundwater locations with BOD levels higher than the criteria are
at Vijayawada, NTPC ash pond- kundanpally, Bibi nagar Primary school, Rudravally,
near Tungabhadra river in Kurnool and Nandyal in Andhra Pradesh; Karbianglong
and Bongaigaon in Assam; Kala Amb, Barotiwala and Paonta Sahib in Himachal Pradesh;
JB School, Kadatpalli, near SB School, Ottavathilpalli and Chakikilum in Lakshadweep;
Collector Well in Thirupuvanam and along Chunamber river in Pondicherry; near
Kansua Nallah in Kota, Pali town, Jodhpur in Rajasthan; IOC Refinery Haldia, Barasat
municipality in north 24 Parganas in West Bengal. Total coliforms are exceeding
the criteria limits in groundwater locations in Silcher, Barpeta, Bongaigaon,
Sibsagar, Guwahati in Assam, Chekkillam, Government press and old Police Barrack
in Lakshadweep. PH is observed in acidic range at Kundra in Kollam, Punkunnam
in Trissur, Kalamassery in Ernakulam, Punalur and Kannur in Kerala; and Capital
hospital in Bhubaneshwar Orissa.
Major factors responsible for water quality degradation
:
Domestic sewage is the major source of pollution in surface waters. It contribute pathogens, the main source of water borne diseases and causes depletion of oxygen in water bodies.
There are 423
class I cities and 498 class II towns harboring population of 22.2 crores and
generating about 26254 mld of wastewater of which only 7044 mld is treated. A
large part of the domestic sewage is not even collected. This results in stagnation
of sewage within city, a good breeding ground for mosquitoes and contaminate the
groundwater, the only source of drinking water in many cities.
Water Quality Assessment Authority
The problem of pollution of aquatic resources in the
country has become a matter of concern. In view of number of agencies involved
in water quality monitoring and management, the Ministry of Environment and Forests
(MoEF), Govt. of India, has issued a notification (Notification No. S.O.583 (E))
in exercise of powers conferred by sub-section (1) and (3) of Section 3 of the
Environment (Protection) Act,1986 in the Gazette of India dated 22 June 2001,
constituting the Water Quality Assessment Authority (WQAA) with effect from 29th
May 2001, The WQAA is mainly responsible for standardization of methods
for water quality monitoring and to ensure quality of data generation for utilization
thereof besides a number of other functions. The WQAA constituted the state level
Water Quality Review Committees and initiated the process for standardization
of monitoring exercise.
Constitution of Task Force on Rationalisation of Water Quality
Monitoring
The Water Quality Assessment Authority (WQAA) has constituted
a Task Force in exercise of powers conferred by sub-section (1) and (3) of Section
3 of the Environment (Protection) Act,1986 on 9th September 2003 under
the Chairmanship of Chairman, Central Pollution Control Board, to recommend measure
for optimum Water Quality Observation Network and coordinated data collection
and dissemination system to assist the Water Quality Assessment Authority. The
terms of reference (TOR) of the Task Force are (i) Development of Water Quality
data information system and recommend the steps for Co-ordination in collection,
use and dissemination of data, (ii) Review of Water Quality Monitoring network
and recommend optimum network for the country and (iii) Recommend system for Accreditation
of Water Quality laboratories in the country. The task force deliberated the matter
and came out with a number of recommendations including implementation of uniform
protocol for water quality monitoring, quality assurance, parameters, frequency
and locations, reporting and dissemination of data. The water quality monitoring
network of CPCB, CWC, CGWB and NRCD is given below. The details of parameters
to be analysed for surface water samples and parameters of analysis for Ground
Water samples are given in table 2 and 3 respectively. It has also recommended an organizational structure
for Hydrological Information System with respect to Water quality.
NETWORK OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS MAINTAINED BY CPCB,CWC,CGWB
AND NRCD
| Organisation |
No. of
Stations |
Frequency
and No. of Stations |
Parameters |
|
CPCB | 870 | Monthly-
254 Quaterly-
349 Half Yearly-
178 Yearly-
3 | Temp.,Conductivity, BOD, Nitrate, Nitrite, Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform,
pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Colour, Odour,
Total Dissolved Solids, COD, Na ,Ca, Mg, K, Fe, B, Total Alkalinity, Phenophthelene
Alkalinity, F, Cl, Sulphate, Posphate, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, Ammonical Nitrogen,
Turbidity, Hardness, Total Fixed Solids,Suspended Solids,As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni,
Zn, Hg and Pesticides(7 Nos.) Nine
Core Parameters (Bold) are Monitored for all the stations as per frequency and
other parameters are monitored once in a year and micropollutants are monitored
on selected locations |
|
CWC | 371 | Bi-monthly-
164 Monthly-
179 Thrice
in a month- 28 | Temp., Colour, Odour, Conductivity,Total Dissolved Solids,pH,Dissolved
Oxygen,BOD,COD,Na, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, B, Total Alkalinity, Phenophthelene Alkalinity F,
Cl, Sulphate, Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate, Total Coliform, Fecal Coliform, Total
Kjeldhal Nitrogen, Ammonical Nitrogen, Turbidity, Hardness, Total Fixed Solids,
Suspended Solids, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, Hg and Pesticides (7 Nos.)
|
|
CGWB | 15355 | Yearly | pH, Conductivity, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Cl, Sulphate, Nitrate,
F, Phosphate, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Total Hardness, Silica, Fe, B, Total Dissolved Solids Parameters
for Specific StudiesAl, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Se, Sr, and Zn. |
|
State Ground
Water Dept. | 32826 | Yearly | pH, Conductivity, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Cl, Sulphate, Nitrate,
F, Phosphate, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Total Hardness, Silica, Fe, B, Total Dissolved Solids |
|
NRCD | 110 | Monthly | Temp., pH, Discharge, Velocity, DO, BOD, COD, TKN, Total
ColiIform, Fecal Coliform and site specific micropollutants |
Parameters of analysis for
surface water samples
| Type
of Station |
Frequency |
Parameters |
|
Baseline: | Perennial rivers and Lakes : Four times a year Seasonal rivers : 3-4 times (at equal spacing) during flow period. Lake: 4 times a year | (A) Pre-monsoon: Once a year Analyse 25 parameters as listed below : (a) General : Colour, odour, temp, pH, EC, DO, turbidity, TDS (b) Nutrients : NH3-N, NO2
+ NO3, Total P (c) Organic Matter : BOD,
COD (d) Major ions : K, Na,
Ca, Mg, CO3, HCO3, Cl, SO4, (e) Other inorganics : F, B
and other location- specific parameter, if any (f) Microbiological : Total
and Faecal Coliforms (B) Rest of the year (after the pre-monsoon sampling)
at every three months’ interval: Analyse 10 parameters: Colour,
Odour, Temp., pH, EC, DO, NO2 + NO3, BOD, Total and Faecal
Coliforms. |
|
Trend: | Once every month starting April-May (pre-monsoon), i.e. 12
times a year | (A) Pre-monsoon: Analyse 25 parameters as listed
for baseline monitoring (B) Other months : Analyse 15 parameters as listed
below (a) General : Colour,
Odour, Temp, pH, EC, DO and Turbidity (b) Nutrients : NH3-N,
NO2 + NO3, Total P (c) Organic Matter : BOD, COD (d) Major ions : Cl (e) Microbiological : Total
and Faecal coliforms (C) Micropollutant :Once in a year in monsoon season
(i) Pesticides-Alpha BHC, Beta BHC, Gama BHC
(Lindane), OP-DDT, PP-DDT, Alpha Endosulphan, Beta Endosulphan, Aldrin, Dieldrin, 2,4-D, Carboryl (Carbamate), Malathian, Methyl Parathian, Anilophos, Chloropyriphos (ii) Toxic Metals-As,Cd,Hg,Zn,Cr,Pb,Ni,Fe (Pesticides & Toxic metals may be analysed once a year)
|
Note : The
parameters to be analysed as mentioned above are the minimal requirement. This does not, however, restrict analysis of
more parameters depending upon specific requirements of the analysing agency and
its manpower availability.
For lakes/reservoirs, monitoring
of additional parameters, like Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen, Chlorophyll, total plankton
count and productivity, are to be included in the list of parameters.
If bio-monitoring is done in rivers/lakes/reservoirs,
additional parameters, like Photosynthesis-Respiration (P/R) ratio, saprobity
index and diversity index are to be included.
The list of pesticides & toxic
metals is flexible and should be decided on need basis.
Parameters of
analysis for Ground Water samples.
| Type
of Station |
Frequency |
Parameters |
|
Baseline | Twice
a year in Pre & Post monsoon season. The frequency may be reviewed after 3
years of monitoring | (A)
Pre & Post Monsoon season: Analyse 20 parameters as listed below : (a)General : Colour, odour, temp, pH, EC, TDS (b)Nutrients : NO2 + NO3,
ortho-phosphate (c) Organic Matter : COD (d) Major ions : K+, Na+,
Ca++, Mg++, CO3, HCO3, Cl, SO4, (e) Other inorganics : F, B and other location-specific parameter,
if any |
|
Trend | Four
times every year (once in pre-monsoon, April-May, and thereafter at intervals
of 3 months). | (A)
April-May : Analyse 20 parameters as listed
for Baseline monitoring. (B)Other
times: Analyse 14
parameters as listed below (a)General : Colour, odour, temp, EC, pH, TDS (b)Nutrients : NO2 + NO3,
ortho-phosphate (c)Organic Matter : COD (d) Major ions : Cl (e) Other organics : F, B (f) Microbiological : Total and faecal coliforms (C) Micropollutant : (i) Pesticides- Alpha BHC, Beta BHC, Gama
BHC (Lindane), OP-DDT, PP-DDT,
Alpha Endosulphan,
Beta Endosulphan, Aldrin, Dieldrin,
2,4-D, Carbaryl (Carbamate),
Malathian, Methyl Parathian,
Anilophos, Chloropyriphos (ii)Toxic Metals-As, Cd, Hg, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Fe (Pesticides & Toxic metals may be analysed once a year
in 10% of the sampling location in high pesticides consuming States & 5% of
the sampling location in low pesticides consuming States). |
Note : The
parameters to be analysed as mentioned above are the minimal requirement. This does not, however, restrict analysis of
more parameters depending upon specific requirements of the analysing agency and
its manpower availability.
If COD value exceeds 20 mg/l, the
sample is to be analysed for BOD also.
The list of pesticides &
toxic metals is flexible & should be decided on need basis.
The task force recommended that the State level
committees constituted under aegis of Ministry of Water Resources may be activated
with defined tasks and time targeted action plan on Water Quality data collection,
collation and dissemination. Information on micro-pollutants is required to be
generated; all the agencies involved in water quality monitoring may take- up
this task. The guidelines developed by CPCB for quality assurance and accreditation
of the laboratory may be implemented in order to generate authentic data. It is
decided that the data generated by all the agencies shall be shared through websites.
For this purpose a data bank at National level needs to be set-up to integrate
the information on water quality and its dissemination to user groups.
Notification on Uniform Protocol on Water Quality Monitoring under Water Quality Assessment Authority.
The NRCD/MoEF has prepared a draft order for Notification
on Uniform Protocol on Water Quality Monitoring under Water Quality Assessment
Authority. The objective of notification is to follow the common methods for analysis
of water samples, collection procedures and parameters to be measured to integrate
the information generated by different central and state agencies involved in
water quality monitoring programme and to frame remedial action for water quality
improvement.
|
|
This MoU details the modalities and general conditions regarding the
collaboration between CWC and CPCB for water quality monitoring and data mangement.
The MoU would serve as an instrument to pool the water quality monitoring efforts
of CWC and CPCB by collaborative projects. The objective of MoU is to collaborate
on water quality monitoring and management including acquisition of water quality
data, storage, analysis, reporting, interpretation and quality assurance. The
activities for collaboration shall be exchange of data related to water quality
and quantity, exchange of knowledge on various aspects of water quality monitoring,
conducting analytical quality control exercises, conducting seminars symposium
for knowledge exchange and conducting trainings on various aspects of mutual interests.
The period of MoU shall be January 2005 to December 2009.
Decentralized
Sewage Treatment System
The
approach of Decentralized sewage treatment system is being promoted by the Central
Pollution Control Board due to it’s advantages over the conventional centralized
sewage collection and treatment system.
The
advantages of the Decentralized sewage treatment system are:
Ø
Lesser cost on sewage collection and maintenance of
sewerage system.
Ø
Cost effective technology.
Ø
Utilization of treated sewage.
Ø
Easy management of the wastewater due to it’s lesser
volume.
Ø
Involvement of people/builders/developers in the wastewater
treatment and management.
CPCB
has worked on the development of Decentralised sewage treatment technologies like,
Duckweed treatment system and Rootzone treatment system and the guidelines of
both these technologies have been already published. The CPCB publication on “The
Decentralised sewage treatment system (concept and approach) has been circulated
among the concerned agencies and organizations.
The
demonstration projects on the Decentralized sewage treatment system are sponsored
by CPCB. One Decentralized sewage treatment project is already functional at Aruroville
near Pondicherry, Tamilnadu. In this project Decentralized sewage treatment system
in the residential colony has been commissioned where the treated sewage is recycled
for flushing in the toilets.
Besides
the actual recycling the following studies have also been undertaken in this project
A)
In
this demonstration project, two different options/ combination of treatment process
have been opted at a time. The wastewater from the primary treatment is allowed/
divided into two parts for two different types of secondary treatment system.
Combination of two treatment units are being studied for it’s efficiency, operation,
maintenance and economy.
B)
Study
on the performance of sewage treatment system and reuse / recycle of treated sewage
and harvested rain water and monitoring of the parameters pH, COD, BOD, SS and
Fecal Coliform is going on.
CPCB
has already prepared draft guidelines on the Decentralized sewage treatment system,
which will be useful in propagating this concept in the country. Review and improvement
of the draft guidelines is in the process.
Association of CPCB
with Hydrology Project of Ministry of Water Resources
The Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) is to implement,
with assistance from the World Bank, the Hydrology Phase II Project. This will
be a six-year project, tentatively starting in mid-2005, and it will involve the
state surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) agencies in: (i) the nine states
(Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Orissa and Tamil Nadu.) covered by the recently-concluded first-phase project
(HP-I); (ii) four new states – Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Pondicherry and Punjab;
and (iii) concerned central agencies including MoWR, Central Water Commission
(CWC), Central Groundwater Board (CGWB), National Institute of Hydrology (NIH),
Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS), India Meteorological Department
(IMD), Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Bhakra-Beas Management Board
(BBMB). In view of their increasing importance, water quality issues need to be
addressed through adoption of methodical and uniform approaches by association
of CPCB in the Hydrology Project. CPCB, together with MoWR, would ensure
that the recommended methodologies/procedures are adopted for water quality monitoring
and management by all agencies dealing with the irrigation, water supply and public health.
MoWR would also promote their use by academic and research institutions which
would be encouraged to include them in their syllabi and training programmes.
The Ministry of Environment and Forests has accorded its sanction to CPCB for
association in this project. The scope of the work shall be as follows.
·
Prepare program for implementing
this activity in collaboration with states and central agencies, including CPCB,
the nodal agency for this sub-component.
·
Collect information available
at central/state levels on WQ data collection /sampling procedures and its standardisation
·
Critically review the
information collected with a view to identify which of the methods currently in
use conform to internationally-acceptable methods and could be adopted as uniform
methodologies throughout India.
·
Standardise methods of
preparing local/regional WQ maps showing different WQ parameters and develop uniform
methodologies for calculating water quality
parameters
·
Develop any other design
aids necessary as per the project requirements
·
Consolidate all information
on WQ standards that are being applied in India and internationally and recommend
standards for each WQ parameter in collaboration with Water Quality Assessment
Authority.
·
Train staff at Central/State
levels in the use of the recommended methodologies by organizing seminars/workshops
·
Train trainers in the
new methodologies
·
Update the existing WQ
data collection/monitoring manual and incorporate all new methodologies/procedures
recommended. Procure any additional software necessary and train the Central/State
staff in its use.
Recommendations on Fecal Coliform
Discharge Standards for Sewage in Delhi
A high-powered committee has been constituted in pursuance
of orders of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in CWP No. 725/1992 for preparation of
an Integrated Action Plan for cleaning the Yamuna River at Delhi.
This High Powered Committee in its meeting dated 24.08.04 constituted a
sub committee chaired by Chairman, CPCB to determine norms for permissible coliform
level in treated sewage and the process required for achieving the same keeping
in view techno-economic feasibility. This
Committee, after detailed deliberations on various aspects and after consulting
experts on the subject, prepared a report on Fecal Coliform discharge standards
and possible technological options. Maximum permissible Fecal Coliform standards
notified under EPA for bathing water quality is 2500 MPN/100 ml. Considering the facts that there is negligible
dilution available in Delhi stretch of river Yamuna, the discharge standards for
Fecal Coliform levels in treated sewage is recommended 2500 MPN/100 ml, the same
as quality of bathing waters because the Delhi stretch of river Yamuna is desired
to be maintained as bathing water. However CPCB has emphasized that to achieve
the maximum removal of pollution load with the funds available, it would be proper
to make arrangements for treatment of the entire sewage up to secondary level
to achieve BOD<20 mg/l and SS<30 mg/l on priority basis rather than treating
part of sewage to tertiary level to achieve FC<2500 MPN/100 ml and BOD<10
mg/l while leaving significant part of sewage untreated. Afterwards, when secondary
treatment facility for at least 90 % of sewage is installed, all STPs need to
be augmented with tertiary treatment facilities for removal of FC to a standard
2500 MPN/100 ml as well as for further removal of organic matter to BOD<10
mg/l so that the main objective of maintaining quality of Yamuna river may be
fulfilled. In Delhi, existing STPs based on ASP and Trickling Filter (TF) technologies
require augmentation with tertiary treatment units to achieve the recommended
FC standards of 2500 MPN/100 ml discharge into Yamuna. Following are the possible
tertiary treatment schemes which can be adopted after conventional treatment units
(ASP or TF) to achieve the recommended FC standards.
A: Chemicals
aided tertiary sedimentation (after flocculation)
B: Chemicals
aided tertiary sedimentation (after flocculation) +
Granular
media (Sand) filtration
C: Chemicals
aided tertiary sedimentation (after flocculation) +
Chlorination
D: Chemicals
aided tertiary sedimentation (after flocculation) +
Granular media (Sand) filtration + Chlorination
Installation
of treatment facilities for secondary treatment of entire sewage of Delhi will
take time. In the meanwhile, CPCB proposes to take up experimental studies on
treated sewage in Delhi to investigate effectiveness of above suggested tertiary
treatment technologies in terms of FC removal.
Survey of Yamuna River
and its Polluting Sources Between Delhi-Okhla Barrage and Agra- Old Water Works
The district
administration of Agra informed CPCB about water quality deterioration in Yamuna
River at the intake of two Water Works in Agra mainly due to high organic matter
and ammonia resulting in increase in chlorine demand at the water works. Officers
of CPCB conducted a detailed survey of the Yamuna River and major outfalls between
d/s-Okhla barrage and Agra-old Water Works during last week of December 2004. All
river and drain samples were analysed for pH, DO, BOD, COD, Nitrogen, TDS, Chloride,
and Alkalinity. For the purpose of better analysis of findings, all sample locations
have been assigned their distance from first sampling point in km.
Observations and Recommendations:
Yamuna River, which has very little
flow downstream Okhla barrage, is subjected to very high organic and nitrogen
pollution due to discharge of sewage/wastewater from Delhi, Ghaziabad, Noida and
Faridabad within first 39 km of the 280 km stretch studied. It is observed that
under such conditions Yamuna River fails to self purify for a long distance. DO
remains absent or negligible up to a distance of about 173 km. Nitrogen levels
in Yamuna are abnormally high as compared to other rivers and, after initial reduction,
appear to be somewhat stable due probably to further addition of nitrogen from
natural and agricultural sources. Study of this stretch highlights the necessity
of utilization of sewage for irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of receiving
stream. Study also highlights the fact that if a river is over loaded with organic
and nutrient pollution and at the same time, due to over abstraction of water,
is deprived of a minimal flow necessary for dilution and self purification then
the river takes much longer time to recover because of nutrient spiraling and
autochthonous production of organic matter.
Yamuna River is the only source
of water supply for people of Agra hence special measures will have to be taken
to solve the problem of pollution in this stretch of Yamuna River. CPCB has recommended
several short and long term measures in the report of above study to solve the
problem of polluted raw water supply at Agra Water Works. Recommendations include
utilization of sewage of Delhi, Ghaziabad, Noida Vrindavan, Mathura and Faridabad
and wastewater of Burhia ka nala drain (Haryana), Goochi drain (Haryana), Mathura
refinery, Goverdhan drain for irrigation purposes, tapping of 8 sewage drains
of Agra located upstream of old Water Works and education of farmers
along the Yamuna for scientific use of nitrogenous fertilizers. Report also recommends
for releasing of Ganga water into Yamuna through Harnal escape as a short term
measure and for providing Ganga water for Agra drinking water supply through dedicated
pipeline as a long term measure.
Preparation of a Draft Manual on Profile
of Rivers Indicating all Main Features Along Rivers With Km Stone
A draft manual on profile of rivers is being prepared
in which, similar to road and railway network, all features along rivers are assigned
km stone, starting from its ultimate confluence as 0 km to upstream. The features
which are assigned km stones along length of rivers are (i)sampling stations under
National Water quality Monitoring Program (NWMP), (ii)point of confluence of tributaries
(or point of confluence of sub tributaries in case of tributaries) and (iii)cities/towns.
This manual will be very useful for people involved in river-monitoring and river-pollution
control in various ways such as:
·
It will help in plotting DO, BOD, FC, TC or any other
pollutants’ profiles of rivers proportionate to actual distances between consecutive
sampling stations and help true depiction and interpretation of river-monitoring
data.
·
It will help in assessment of total length and polluted
length of rivers.
·
If same database is converted into dBase/Foxpro, it
can provide information to the requirement of users by logical commands.
·
It will help in identifying sources of pollution (tributaries/sub
tributaries and cities/towns) responsible for pollution in a particular stretch.
·
It will help in identifying and upgrading every year
with ease the Most Polluted Stretches by way of comparing a particular pollution
parameter (say BOD max) for last few years in the same database.
·
It will provide a large set of information for digitization
when proposed use of GIS is started in NWMP.
Sewage Pollution Control Initiatives
About 26500 mld of sewage is generated in the country
from the Class I cities & Class-II towns at present. Mainly because of funding
provided by NRCD, treatment capacity exists for about 7000 mld of sewage in India.
Thus, there is a large gap between generation and treatment of sewage and discharge
of untreated sewage become the most important source of water pollution in India.
Sewage treatment plants exist in only 92 out of 423 Class I cities and 37 out
of 498 Class II towns. Even this installed sewage treatment capacity is not utilized
fully mainly because of neglect of respective State Govts / Municipal Authorities.
In such situation operation of sewage treatment plants to their full capacity
and efficiency is very crucial. CPCB has carried out inspections of a large number
of sewage treatment plants installed in different parts of the country to evaluate
their performance. Majority of the treatment
plants are based on Primary Settling followed by Activated Sludge Process (PS+ASP)
technology (with anaerobic digesters for sludge), Oxidation Pond or Waste Stabilization
Pond (OP or WSP) technology and UASB followed by Polishing Pond (UASB+PP) technology.
It has been found that low capital and low operational cost sewage treatment method
such as Waste Stabilization Ponds (OP or WSP) technology and low operational cost
sewage treatment method such as (UASB+PP) technology are quite effective in BOD
removal as well as Fecal Coliform (FC) removal provided that these sewage treatment
plants are operated properly. Overall efficiency of STPs based on these low cost
technologies in terms of BOD and FC removal can be further improved if effluent
suspended solids (SS) are controlled by improvement in final outlet structures.
These technologies are best suited for towns and small cities. However, survey
of large number of STP by CPCB has revealed following shortcomings leading to inadequate operation of STPs:
• Inadequate
fund allocation for O&M of STPs
• Under
utilization of installed capacity
• Overloading
due to increase in sewage volume
• Non
availability of un-interrupted power suply
• O&M
not done by trained personal
• Treated
sewage not conforming to standards
State wise details of non-complying STPs
| State/Union Territorry | No.of inspections of STPs Carried out by CPCB | No. of observations complying
to MINAS | % Violation | ||||||||
| Delhi | 68 | 56 | 17.6 | ||||||||
| Haryana | 60 | 30 | 50.0 | ||||||||
| U.P. | 91 | 32 | 64.8 | ||||||||
| Uttranchal | 3 | 1 | 66.7 | ||||||||
| Bihar | 5 | 0 | 100 | ||||||||
| West Bengal | 35 | 28 | 20.0 | ||||||||
| Karnataka | 4 | 2 | 50.0 | ||||||||
| Goa | 4 | 1 | 75.0 | ||||||||
| Pondicherry | 1 | 0 | 100 | ||||||||
Questionnaire Survey
of Class I Cities and Class II Towns for Water Supply Sewage and Solid Waste Information
Domestic sewage is responsible for
about eighty percent of water pollution in India. Municipal solid waste is further
aggravating the problem. Most of the cities are not having sewage treatment and
municipal solid waste processing facilities. Preparation of reports on status
of sewage collection / treatment / disposal and municipal solid waste collection
/ processing / disposal is very important for highlighting need of urgent planning
and action in these areas. Realizing this fact CPCB regularly conduct inventories
of these aspects. CPCB conducted questionnare survey of Class I cities and Class
II towns during 1978, 1988 and 1995. Number of Metro cities, Class I cities and
Class II towns have increased from 23, 299, 345 to 35, 425, 498 respectively after
last survey. CPCB has started a fresh questionnaire survey of Metro cities, Class
I cities and Class II towns in November 2004.
Water Quality Status of River Yamuna in Delhi Stretch
Central
Pollution Control Board is regularly monitoring water quality for entire stretch
of River Yamuna at 19 locations. The water quality characteristics during the
year 2004 have not indicated any significant improvement in water quality over
previous year i.e. 2003. The Delhi stretch of river (22 km stretch) between downstream
of Wazirabad barrage to Okhla barrage is the most polluted stretch of Yamuna River.
As indicated by water quality data, the water quality of river upstream of Wazirabad
Barrage is relatively good and meets the prescribed standard except in terms of
Total coliform. However, downstream of Wazirabad Barrage the river water does
not meet the standards except pH. It was observed that the water quality of Yamuna
river improves to some extent during monsoon period, because of dilution from
rain water, however, during the non-mansoon period, there was no improvement in
water quality due.
The reasons for excessive
pollution in Delhi stretch of the River Yamuna is the discharges of wastewater
from domestic and industrial sources through 14 major drains from urban areas
of Delhi. Another reason of pollution in the river is over- exploitation of fresh
water from the river, which is essentially required to maintain self purification
capacity of the river. Strengthening of wastewater collection, transportation
and treatment system can restore the water quality of River Yamuna at Delhi stretch.
The utilization of treated water for irrigation purpose and regular release of
fresh water from Wazirabad barrage in the river is required to provide improvement
in water quality in the Delhi stretch.
Water Quality of River Yamuna in Delhi Stretch
(January
– December 2004)
| S. No. |
Parameters |
Water Quality Standard for `C’ class |
|
Monitored
Location | ||
| Palla | Nizamuddin
Bridge | Agra Canal
(Okhla Barrage u/s) | ||||
|
1. | pH | 6.50-8.50 | Min | 7.52 | 7.09 | 7.24 |
| Max | 8.91 | 8.11 | 8.82 | |||
| Av | 8.12 | 7.51 | 7.68 | |||
|
2. | Dissolved Oxygen mg/l | 4.0 | Min | 7.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Max | 10.2 | 0.0 | 1.4 | |||
| Av | 7.9 | 0.0 | 0.3 | |||
|
3. | Bio-chemical Oxygen
Demand mg/l | 3.0 | Min | 1 | 6.0 | 9.0 |
| Max | 6 | 49 | 28.0 | |||
| Av | 2.6 | 27.8 | 17.8 | |||
|
4. | Total Coliforms Nos./100 ml | 5000 | Min | 6500 | 3000000 | 530000 |
| Max | 210000 | 340000000 | 32000000 | |||
| Av | 62342 | 63625000 | 8385833 | |||
|
5. | Faecal Coliforms Nos./100 ml | - | Min | 300 | 820000 | 160000 |
| Max | 22000 | 46000000 | 4300000 | |||
| Av | 7792 | 12501667 | 2034167 | |||
Min =
Minimum; Max = Maximum; Av = Average
Wastewater Discharge Into Water Bodies from Urban Areas of Delhi
Hon’ble
Supreme Court under Writ Petition (Civil) No. 725 of 1994 `Maili Yamuna’ had directed
Central Pollution Control Board to monitor Yamuna river alongwith the major drains
of Delhi. Central Pollution Control Board in compliance of the court order is
regularly monitoring 22 major drains joining the River Yamuna on monthly basis
since August, 1999. Out of 22 drains, 17 major drains are joining River Yamuna
& 4 drains joining canals. During the year 2004 no flow was observed in Moat
drain and it remained almost dry. The discharge and pollution load in terms of
bio-chemical oxygen demand during the year 2004 is depicted in table below. The
total discharge of these drains is 3585 MLD, which is about 10% lesser than previous
year. The pollution load transported by these drains was recorded approx. 240
tonnes per day, which is about 4.4% lesser than the previous year. Out of 3585
MLD of wastewater, Yamuna receives 2933 MLD of wastewater and remaining wastewater
i.e. 652 MLD is received by Agra Canal & Gurgaon Canal. Similarly, out of
240 tonnes of BOD load, Yamuna river receives about 222 TPD BOD load and while
remaining 18 TPD was received by the canals. Najafgarh drain is the biggest drain,
which contributes about 50% and 32% of total discharge and BOD load respectively
amongst 21 major drains.
Discharge and Pollution Load of Drains meeting River
Yamuna and Canal in Delhi
| S. No. |
Drains |
Flow |
BOD Load | ||||||
| Average (M3/sec) |
% Contribution | Average (Tonnes/day) | % Contribution | ||||||
|
1. | Najafgarh
Drain | 20.68 | 49.84 | 76.46 | 31.81 | ||||
|
2. | Magazine
Road | 0.07 | 0.17 | 1.86 | 0.77 | ||||
|
3. | Sweepers
Colony | 0.13 | 0.31 | 1.74 | 0.72 | ||||
|
4. | Khyber
Pass | 0.13 | 0.31 | 0.08 | 0.03 | ||||
|
5. | Metcalf
Drain | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.43 | 0.18 | ||||
|
6. | Mori
Gate Drain | 0.39 | 0.94 | 3.01 | 1.25 | ||||
|
7. | Tonga
Stand | 0.09 | 0.22 | 0.88 | 0.37 | ||||
|
8. | Civil
Mill Drain | 0.52 | 1.25 | 11.87 | 4.94 | ||||
|
9. | Power
House | 0.56 | 1.35 | 11.88 | 4.94 | ||||
|
10. | Sen
Nursing Home | 1.01 | 2.44 | 14.71 | 6.12 | ||||
|
11. | Drain
No. 12 A | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.03 | ||||
|
12. | Drain
No. 14 | 0.37 | 0.89 | 1.54 | 0.64 | ||||
|
13. | Barapulla
Drain | 1.35 | 3.25 | 8.38 | 3.49 | ||||
|
14. | Maharani
Bagh | 0.74 | 1.78 | 15.76 | 6.56 | ||||
|
15. | Kalkaji
Drain | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.05 | ||||
|
16. | Tuglakabad | 0.31 | 0.75 | 1.57 | 0.65 | ||||
|
17. | Shahdara
Drain | 7.05 | 16.99 | 44.56 | 18.54 | ||||
|
18. | Drain
Near LPG Plant | 0.41 | 0.99 | 3.05 | 1.27 | ||||
|
19. | Drain
Near Bridge Sarita Vihar | 6.64 | 16.00 | 20.45 | 8.51 | ||||
|
20. | Sarita
Vihar (Joins Agra canal) | 0.75 | 1.81 | 20.18 | 8.40 | ||||
|
21. | Tehkhand
(Joins Gurgaon canal) | 0.13 | 0.31 | 1.75 | 0.73 | ||||
Total | 41.49 | 100 | 240.37 | 100 | |||||
Water Quality Assessment of Raw
and Treated Water at Water Treatment Plants in Delhi
In NCT – Delhi surface and sub-surface
water sources are utilized as raw water source for supply of drinking water after
conventional treatment. The treatment of raw water is undertaken at five major
water treatment plants (WTPs) namely Chandrawal I & II, Wazirabad, Haiderpur,
Bhagirathi, Nangloi and Okhla. These treatment plants in NCT – Delhi are operated
and managed by Delhi Jal Board.
Central Pollution Control Board has been
undertaking monitoring of raw water and treated water at these plants. The biological
assessment by using benthic macro-invertebrates as bio indicators are also being
undertaken at raw water intake points at Wazirabad, Haiderpur and Bhagirathi Water
Treatment Plants. The physico-chemical, bacteriological, pesticide and trace metal
residue analysis have been undertaken at raw water intake and treated water. The
water quality status at these water treatment plants has been continuously monitored
during year 2004 at various stages of treatment from raw water intake point to
storage reservoirs.
Bio-Monitoring of River Ganga and its Tributaries
Rivers Ganga occupies an important place in Indian culture and tradition.
The river is the life line of majority of population in cities, towns and villages.
It is recognized as one of the most sacred river as per Indian mythology. During
festivals such as Kumbh, Ardh Kumbh etc., large congregation of people take holy
dip in the rivers. Bio-monitoring of River Ganga and its tributaries was initiated
keeping in view of the assessment of the impact of various measures adopted to
control the industrial and domestic pollution joining the water bodies.
Monitoring of River Kshipra During Mass Bathing of Simhastha Kumbh at
Ujjain (M. P.)
Monitoring studies for Physico-chemical parameters and bio-monitoring studies
were undertaken during Pre-Simhastha Kumbh period as well as during Mass Bathing
period during May, 2004 at Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh). The studies indicated elevated
levels of Total and Fecal Coliforms as well as BOD. The biological water quality
depicted the moderate to heavy pollution in various stretches of River Kshipra
at Ujjain.
Bio-monitoring
of River Kshipra during Mass bathing of Simhastha at Ujjain
(M. P.)
| S. No. |
Location
|
Event of
sampling |
Date and
Time |
Temperature
0C |
pH (Approx.) |
DO mg/l |
Saprobic
Score |
Diversity
Score |
Biological
Water Quality Class |
Biological
Water Quality | |
| Air | Water | ||||||||||
|
1. | Upstream of Ujjain Kshipra Village
Downstream of Dewas | Before Mass Bathing | 03.05.2004 8.00 AM to 11.00 AM | 40.0 | 38.5 | 8.5 | 3.0 | 4.25 | 0.35 | C | Moderate
Pollution |
|
2. | Downstream of Ujjain K. D. Palace | Before Mass Bathing | 03.05.2004 1.00 PM to 5.00 PM | 40.0 | 30.0 | 9.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 0.76 | C | Moderate
Pollution |
|
3. | Upstream of Ujjain Khipra Village | Mass bathing day | 04.05.2004 8.00 AM to 11.00 AM | 40.0 | 39.0 | 8.0-8.5 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 0.35 | D | Heavy Pollution
|
|
4. | Downstream of Ujjain K. D. Palace | Mass bathing day | 04.05.2004 12.30 PM to 03.30 AM | 40.0 | 30.5 | 2.0 | 9.0 | 3.5 | 0.75 | C | Moderate
pollution |
|
5. | Upstream of Ujjain, Kshipra Village | After mass bathing | 05.05.2004 6.00 AM to 7.00 AM | 35.0 | 30.5 | 8.5 | 2.5 | 4.0 | 0.11 | D | Heavy Pollution
|
|
6. | Downstream of Ujjain K. D. Palace | After mass bathing | 05.05.2004 11.00 AM to 12.00 PM | 40.2 | 32.5 | 9.0 | 2.5 | 4.87 | 0.70 | C | Moderate
Pollution |
Performance Evaluation of Root Zone
Treatment for Domestic Wastewater
Root Zone Treatment processes effectively
purify domestic and industrial wastewater. The term “root zone” encompasses the
interactions of various species of bacteria, the roots of the reed plants, soil,
air, sun and water.
Central
Pollution Control Board has taken-up the project on “Assessment of Root Zone Treatment
technology for treatment of domestic wastewater”. The project is going–on at Sewage
Treatment Plant, Jagjitpur, Haridwar. The objective of the project was to assess
the efficiency of Root Zone Treatment plant for treatment of domestic wastewater
and polishing of treated wastewater under Indian condition and to optimize the
system parameters.
Two
Root Zone Treatment Horizontal beds, one each to receive raw wastewater (Raw bed)
[4.90m(L) x 3.1m(B) x 0.08m(H)] and other to receive treated wastewater (Polishing
bed) [4.35m (L) x 2.25m(B) x 0.04m(H)] were constructed. The sand of the bed of river Ganga (0.8mm
and Porosity 29%) is used as filter media. The plant Phragmites Karaka is planted
at the wetland site.
The
performance of the bed has been tested on various hydraulic and organic loading
with different hydraulic retention time (HRT). The performance of the Root Zone
Treatment with raw sewage & treated effluent (polishing treatment) are presented
in following tables:
Average Percent Removal of Various Parameters
in Raw Bed at Various Hydraulic Loadings
| HRT (days) | Discharge (m3/d) | Hydraulic Loading (cm/day) | Organic Loading (Kg/ha/d) | Average Percent Removal | |||||||
| TS | TDS | TSS | BOD | COD | TKN | TP | FC | ||||
|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 4 | 0.88 | 6 | 62.5 | 39.45 | 16.50 | 91.4 | 98.5 | 91.1 | 59.53 | 28.78 | 99.965 |
|
3 | 1.17 | 8 | 83.5 | 37.29 | 9.61 | 90.65 | 92.60 | 87.56 | 45.33 | 24.26 | 99.920 |
|
2 | 1.75 | 12 | 125 | 31.29 | 7.27 | 87.85 | 87.70 | 82.57 | 37.65 | 20.17 | 99.390 |
|
1 | 3.5 | 24 | 250 | 28.79 | 6.02 | 81.84 | 66.73 | 67.24 | 24.20 | 8.91 | 97.390 |
Average Percent
Removal of Various Parameters in Polishing Bed at Various Hydraulic Loadings
| HRT (days) |
Discharge (m3/d) |
Hydraulic Loading (cm/day) |
Organic Loading (Kg/ha/d) |
Average Percent Removal | |||||||
| TS | TDS | TSS | BOD | COD | TKN | TP | FC | ||||
|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 2.0 | 0.57 | 6 | 4 | 26.53 | 24.29 | 80.31 | 89.55 | 85.42 | 82.45 | 25.68 | 90.27 |
| 1.5 | 0.76 | 8 | 6 | 19.78 | 17.76 | 87.65 | 76.85 | 43.93 | 76.48 | 27.44 | 96.27 |
| 1.0 | 1.14 | 12 | 8 | 15.88 | 13.94 | 70.36 | 68.31 | 65.45 | 51.85 | 20.48 | 86.71 |
| 0.5 | 2.28 | 24 | 16 | 10.80 | 7.85 | 83.53 | 48.57 | 63.33 | 38.35 | 11.52 | 81.31 |
Assimilation
Capacity of Narmada River
The
Narmada is the largest west flowing river of central India and is the lifeline
of M.P. Out of 1312 km of its stretch,
1079 km lies in M.P. The stretch between
Hoshangabad and Koteshwar was selected to study the assimilative capacity of the
river in the State. A preliminary survey
has been done in the river stretch from Shahganj, 15 km upstream of Hoshangabad
city to Avlighat, where river Hathed joined Narmada.
The bathing ghats, Tawa river at Bandra Bandh, Tigaria nullah and Lathia-doh
carrying domestic sewage from Itarsi and other places, were also surveyed.
It was decided to collect the samples of river Narmada, other tributaries
and drains to calculate death rate of coliform bacteria and the deoxigination
constant. Most appropriate stretch of
the river between Hoshangabad and Koteshwar will be identified.
Performance study of CETPs in Central Region
There
are 10 CETPs in central region, out of which 4 were in operation, 3 under stabilization
, 2 under construction and one was not in operation The performance study was carried for the
CETPs at Govindpura (MP) and Balotra (Raj). Performance study of CETPs at Pali
were done in the previous years. Visited
the remaining CETPs Jodhpur, Bhiwadi, Jasol and Bithuja for collecting the information.
CETP, BALOTRA – Balotra, a small town in Panchpadra tehsil of Barmer
District of Rajasthan has a population around 70,000. The town is located 110 km away from Jodhpur
city, situated on the bank of river Luni. The soil is sandy, groundwater is saline and water table was at
100-150 feet. In the industrial estate developed by RIICO at Balotra, majority
of industries are cotton textile processing units comprising mainly of dyeing
and printing. The raw material is Grey
cloth and is received from Tirupur, Erode,
Coimbatore and Malegaon etc.,. The unit wise process in the textile units at Balotra
industrial area are desizing, scouring, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing, printing
and finishing.
At the time when the NEERI conducted feasibility study, there
were 319 water-polluting units in the area generating around 6 MLD of wastewater.
Accordingly, the CETP was planned. In
the mean time the number of industries have increased to around 600, generating
12 MLD wastewater. The present CETP was inadequate to treat 12
MLD wastewater and therefore, the remaining 6 MLD was being discharged directly
in to the river Luni , without any treatment. Balotra Water Pollution Control & Research
Foundation Trust (BWPCRFT) is establishing another 12 MLD CETP (Physico-chemical
treatment + biological) at Balotra. It is in initial stage of construction.
The
operational 6 MLD, CETP was designed, constructed and commissioned by NEERI and
was handed over to trust in year 2000. The
cost of Rs.2.95 crores was borne by the trust with the help of Ministry of Textiles.
No grant was availed from MoEF. The
CETP has been operated and maintained by BWPCRFT.
The treatment system consists of screen chamber, grit chamber, oil separator,
equalization tank, flash mixer, clariflocculator, extended aeration, secondary
clarifier and sludge drying beds.
Consent
under water act expired on 23.11.2004 and the trust has applied for renewal. The
trust also applied for authorisation under hazardous waste (Management & Handling)
rules on 11.06.2001, but till date RSPCB has not issued the authorization.
01.
Cleaning or removing of
waste papers, floating materials etc. at screen chamber was not done regularly,
due to this effluent was overflowing in
the drain and floating material etc. escaping to the wet well, then to the treatment
system.
02.
Parshal flume and V-notch were provided at
inlet and outlet but flow was not measured by using them. However on-line flow
meter was installed at the equalization tank pump house for measuring instantaneous
and cumulative flow. During the study the flow was measured for 24 hours and the
average flow observed as 241 m3/hr, as against the designed flow of 250 m3/hr.
03.
Oil and
grease comes from the jet washing of synthetic cloth. The oil and grease was not
present in the wastewater at the time of NEERI study as there was no synthetic
textile processing units in the area. In recent years, synthetic textile units
were established and these are
generating O&G. To solve the problem, O&G separator has been added
to CETP, but that was not working during the visit, as a result, lot of oil &
grease was escaping in to the treatment system and
causing disturbances for settling in primary and secondary settling tanks. It
was informed that the collected oil would
be sold commercially. Lot of spillage of oil was observed at oil separator area.
As informed, the presence of O&G in
the wastewater reduces dissolved oxygen transfer rate in the aeration tank ,as
a result the efficiency of treatment will not be optimum.
04.
Two floating
type aerators provided in the equalization tank were not in operation during the
study period. Equalization tank retention time was 12 hours.
05.
Lime, ferrous sulphate
and polyelectrolyte was added continuously in the flash mixer for chemical treatment
of wastewater. Spillages were observed at chemical preparation and storage area.
06.
The logbooks of the average quantity
of wastewater treated, energy consumed, chemical consumption, daily laboratory
analysis was maintained but the sludge generation was not recorded.
07.
Effluent from primary and secondary settling tanks were over flowing. Weirs were completely submerged because of
faulty construction of launder, the launder
overflow goes to the aeration tank. Waste papers and foam was observed in the
flocculator and were not cleaned regularly.
08.
Chemical and biological sludge was removed once in a day. Both the sludges were disposed together. During the visit, it was
observed that all the sludge drying beds were full, the dried sludge was dumped
unscientifically with in the CETP premises and covered with a polythene partially.
As informed, 50 hectares land has been
earmarked for the Secure Land Fill (SLF) purpose and entrusted the EIA study work
to MBM Engineering collage Jodhpur. As soon as the receipt of report , the trust
will initiate the SLF work and transfer the present sludge lying at CETP premises.
09.
The influent was overflowing in industrial main drain leading to CETP.
50% of the effluent is being by-passed in to the river without any treatment.
10.
The CETP has no alternate power supply source to cater the power during
absence of State power supply for continuous operation. It was informed that the tender has been floated for procurement of 250
KVA DG Set for the purpose.
11.
All the jet dying units
has their own coal fired boiler for steam generation for jet dyeing and drying
purposes. These boilers were operated without any air pollution control devices
except small settling chamber. The bottom ash generated in each unit was dumped
in their premises. Grey cloth-washing units, pump sets for wells and jigger dying
units using DG sets were causing air pollution.
12. 12-MLD CETP construction activities were going
on in full swing within the existing 6-MLD CETP premises. As informed, the operation
of 6-MLD CETP will be discontinued once the 12-MLD CETP gets ready.
13.
The industries have provided small settling tanks, neutralization tanks
and oil& grease collecting tanks for primary treatment of wastewater. It was
told that the dyes, which are being used by the industries, were eco-friendly.
The colour of the effluent was observed as dark green.
14.
Two treated effluent holding
tanks constructed for uniform discharge into river Luni were not
in use.
15.
Balotra town domestic waste is being discharged without any treatment in
to the Luni River. The ground water TDS was very high. It was around 20000 mg/l
in industrial area and 6000 mg/l in residential area.
16.
During the visit, the overall house keeping was good in the CETP premises.
Scanty plantation observed in the industrial area
as well as in CETP premises.
17.
The discharge of treated and untreated industrial wastewater was currently
routed through a 1.7 km long drain in to Luni River. The effluents are collected
through open drain from all the industries to CETP. There was no cover on the industrial and CETP drains. During the
visit, one buffalow was seen fallen in the 1.7-meter deep drain.
18. Qualified environmental engineer and chemist have been appointed for operation and maintenance of CETP. A full-fledged laboratory has been developed to analyse routine Physico-chemical parameters. The CETP analyse the samples in every shift for the pH, TSS, TDS, BOD and COD etc. Heavy metals were not analysed in the sludge. Leachat