WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT

Water quality monitoring is an important exercise, which helps in evaluating the nature and extent of pollution as well as effectiveness of pollution control measures. It also helps in determining the water quality trends and prioritising pollution control efforts. The Central Pollution Control Board in collaboration with the State Pollution Control Boards has established a network comprising 784 stations spread over the country. The monitoring is undertaken on monthly/quarterly basis in surface waters and half yearly basis in groundwater.

The monitoring results obtained during the year 2002 indicate that organic pollution continues as predominant pollution of aquatic resources. The organic pollution measured in terms of bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) and coliform count gives an indication of the extent of water quality degradation. It is observed that nearly 60% values of 5000 observations have BOD less than 3 mg/l, 20-25% between 3-6 mg/l & remaining 15% above 6 mg/l. Similarly, total & faecal coliform, which indicate presence of pathogens in water, are also a major concern. Nearly half of the observations indicate coliform count more than 500 No./100 ml.

Water Quality Trends

An attempt has been made to plot trends of percent observations obtained during last 10 years in levels of pollution with respect to BOD & coliform. There is an increasing trend in percentage of observations having BOD below 3 mg/l & coliform below 500 No./100 ml. This indicates that there is a gradual improvement in water quality. However, the percentage of observations having BOD more than 6 mg/l and coliform more than 5000 No./100 ml is also increasing. A decreasing trend in the percentage of observations having BOD between 3-6 mg and coliform MPN between 500-5000 has been observed.

Polluted Water Bodies

The water quality data for the Year 2000 and 2001 were analysed and based on this analysis, 86 polluted water bodies (71 rivers and 15 lakes and tanks), having BOD more than 6 mg/l have been identified. These water bodies are not confirming the desired level of water quality for defined uses with respect to BOD.

The respective State Pollution Control Boards/ Pollution Control Committees have been advised to take remedial measures and formulate action plan for the polluted water bodies.

 

 

Riverwise Polluted Stretches

Name of River	No. of Polluted Stretch
Godavari	2
Nagavalli	1
Musi	1
Kalong	1
Bharalu	1
Yamuna	3
Subarnarekha	1
Sabarmati	1
Amlakhadi	1
Shedi	1
Damanganga	1
Ambika	1
Bhadar	1
Khari	1
Kolak	1
Par	1
Ghaggar	3
Markanda	1
Bhadra	1
Tunga	1
Kali	1
Tungabhadra	1
Khan	1
Kshipra	1
Chambal	2
Tapi	2
Kalu	1
Ulhas	1
Weinganga	1
Panchganga	1
Wardha	1
Bhima	1
Mula & Mutha	1
Bhatsa	1
Patalganga	1
Kundalika	1
Krishna	1
Girna	1
Nira	1
Kharkhala	1
Brahmani	1
Ib	1
Mahanadi	1
Kuakhai	1
Kathjodi	1
Satluj	1
Beas	1
Banas/Berach	1
Vaigai	1
Palar	1
Adyar	1
Coovum	1
Tambiraparani	1
Noyyal	1
Cauvery	1
Ranichu	1
Hindon	1
Western Kali	1
Buri Yamuna	1
Kali Nadi Eastern	1
Gomti	1
Ganga	2
Damodar	1
TOTAL	71

 

Polluted Lakes/Tanks/Drains

Name of Tank/Lake/Drain/Pond etc.

1.     Kishtra Reddy Pet Tank, Andhra Pradesh

2.     Dharamsagar Tank, Andhra Pradesh

3.     Hussain Sagar Lake, Andhra Pradesh

4.     Sarronagar Lake, Andhra Pradesh

5.     Pulicate Lake, Andhra Pradesh

6.     Drain No. 8, Haryana

7.     Renuka Lake, Himachal Pradesh

8.     Heballa Valley Lake, Karnataka

9.     Ulsoor Lake, Karnataka

10.   Lower & Upper Lake, Madhya Pradesh

11.   Umiam Lake, Meghalaya

12 .  Ward Lake, Meghalaya

13.   Umtrew Lake, Meghalaya

14.   Thadlaskena, Meghalaya

15.   Kankoria Lake, Gujarat

 

Sewage Management in Ganga Basin

As per the recent estimate, out of 22,900 MLD of wastewater generated in the Ganga basin, out of which only about 5,900 MLD (26%) is treated while as much as 17,000 MLD is disposed untreated. Twenty-seven cities have only primary treatment facilities and forty-nine have primary and secondary treatment facilities. The level of treatment available in cities with existing treatment plant varies from 2.5% to 89% of the sewage generated.

The river Ganga is the largest in the country. The catchment area of the river is 861,404 square kilometres, covering 26.2 percent of total geographical area of the country. The river watershed spread over ten States, namely:- Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Delhi.

Urban population consisting of Class I Cities and Class II Towns in the Ganga basin is 57 million (as per 1991) which is projected to be over 72 million in 2002. There are 101 Class I cities and 122 Class II towns in the basin. The recent survey of Class I and Class II cities indicate that about 8,250 MLD wastewater is generated in the Ganga basin, out of which treatment facilities available only for 3,500 MLD of wastewater. Out of 3,500 MLD treatment capacity, 880 MLD has been created under Ganga Action Plan, 720 MLD under Yamuna Action Plan and about 2,189 MLD has been created by Delhi Government for restoration of water quality of river Yamuna. The treatment facilities at 48 additional towns along the Ganga and 23 towns on its tributaries/sub-tributaries are being created under Ganga Action Plan Phase-II and National River Action Plan. It is expected that after completion of these plans, an additional treatment capacity of about 1,500 MLD will be created. However, still there is a large gap between the wastewater generation (8,250 MLD) and treatment (3,500 MLD).

Disposal of Wastewater in Ganga Basin from Class-I Cities and Class-II Towns

State	Amount  of Wastewater directly discharged into river Ganga from class I cities & class II towns (MLD)	Amount    of wastewater discharged into the tributaries or sub- tributaries of the Ganga from class I cities and class II towns (MLD)	Amount of wastewater discharged on land/low lying areas from class I cities and class II towns (MLD)	Total wastewater (MLD) disposal in Ganga Basin
Bihar	412.1	171.5	87.8	671.4
Jharkhand	-	119.6	11.6	131.2
Haryana	-	136.9	72.6	209.5
Madhya Pradesh	-	503.0	123.5	626.5
Rajasthan	-	210.7	249.6	460.3
Uttar Pradesh	653.8	881.6	225.8	1761.2
Uttaranchal	42.5	24.0	46.9	113.4
West Bengal	1429.2	93.6	52.5	1575.3
Delhi	-	2350.0	350.0	2700.0
Total	2537.6	4490.9	1220.3	8248.8

Summary of Sewage Generation Treatment and Disposal in Ganga Basin

Total number of towns generating significant amount of sewage ( class I cities and class II towns )	222
Sewage generation from 222 towns	8250 MLD
Sewage directly disposed into the Ganga river	2538 MLD
Sewage disposed into tributaries of the Ganga	4491 MLD
Sewage disposed on land or low lying areas	1220 MLD
Sewage Treatment capacity created under Ganga Action Plan Phase-I	882 MLD
Sewage treatment capacity created along the Yamuna	2631 MLD
Additional towns (48 towns) where sewage treatment capacity is being created under GAP Phase-II	600 MLD
Number of towns where sewage treatment capacity is being created on tributaries of the Ganga	750 MLD

Sewage Treatment Plants under the Ganga Action Plan

The Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) were either upgraded or constructed to treat the domestic sewage by adopting treatment technologies, such as low cost waste stabilisation ponds, conventional Activated Sludge Process (ASP) Trickling Filter (TF) and Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) treatment systems.

· Out of 35 STPs planned under GAP Phase I (3 STPs in Uttaranchal, 10 STPs in Uttar Pradesh, 7 STPs in Bihar, and 15 STPs in West Bengal), 32 are commissioned and 29 were found functioning.

· Adequate fund allocation for Operation &Maintenance of STPs is not provided particularly in States of Bihar and U.P.

· A number of sewage treatment plants are under-loaded e.g. Jajmau, Kanpur; DLW, Varanasi; Naini, Allahabad and some are over-loaded e.g. Dinapur and Bhagwanpur at Varanasi.

· Several treatment plants (STPs) need upgradation. These include all the STPs of Bihar, Swargashram at Rishikesh; Kankhal, Haridwar; Jajmau in Uttar Pradesh and Bhatpara, Titagarh, Panihati in West Bengal.

· Out of 1345 MLD sewage joining river Ganga as estimated during 1985, the STPs were planned for treatment of only 875 MLD sewage. Since then, the volume of sewage has increased significantly.

· In Bihar, the treatment plants at Karmali Chak (Patna), and Munger are yet to be constructed. Similarly, STP at Chapra and Bhagalpur are under-designed as their capacity is 2 MLD & 11 MLD respectively against 8.74 and 28 MLD respectively. The Chapra STP is not receiving the sewage, as it is located far away ( 5 km) and there is siltation in the drain, which is supposed to carry sewage through gravity flow.

· None of the STPs have obtained consent from the concerned State Pollution Control Boards, although it is obligatory under the Water Act, 1974.

· Inadequacy of trained personal for Operation & Maintenance work is a major shortcoming.

· Non-availability of uninterrupted power is another problem in most of the places. Since the STPs are biological in nature, their continuous operation is a must in order to maintain the biological growth at activated level.

· In most of the cities/towns included in GAP, proper sewerage system does not exist and the sewage flows in open drains causing several problems. In rainy season, the run-off water generally mixes with sewage. Since the diversion of drains through pumping is taking care of only dry weather flow, during rainy season it cannot pump the additional load of run-off water. Thus, such interception will not be effective in controlling pollution of the river during rainy season.

· In many cities, the sewage is not reaching the STPs due to non- existence or non-functioning of sewage transport system.

· There are 21 towns under Yamuna Action Plan, 3 under Gomti Action Plan, 12 under Damodar Action Plan, 3 under Betwa Action Plan, 3 under Chambal Action Plan and one each under river Shipra and Khan.

· There are 223 cities/ towns (Municipalities/Corporation) generating significant amount of sewage in the Ganga basin. These cities/ towns generate about 8,250 MLD ( million litre per day) of wastewater, out of which about 2,460 MLD is directly discharged into the Ganga river, about 4,570 MLD is discharged into its tributaries or sub-tributaries and about 1,220 MLD is disposed on land or in low-lying areas

· Out of 8,250 MLD of wastewater generated in the Ganga basin, the treatment facilities are available only for 3,500 MLD of wastewater. Out of 3,500 MLD treatment capacity, 880 MLD is created under the Ganga Action Plan, 720 MLD is created under the Yamuna Action Plan by NRCD, MoEF Govt of India and about 2,189 MLD treatment capacity is created by the Govt. of Delhi for restoration of water quality in Yamuna river.


Water Quality Status of River Yamuna in Delhi Stretch

The Central Pollution Control Board is regularly monitoring River Yamuna for assessment of water quality from its origin at Yamunotri to its confluence with Ganga river at Allahabad. The trophic status of river in the stretch from downstream Wazirabad barrage at Delhi to upstream of Chambal confluence is either septic or eutrophic, whereas the remaining river stretch is oligotrophic/mesotrophic. The Delhi stretch from downstream Wazirabad to Okhla barrage (22 km) is the severely polluted stretch with persistence of septic condition. There is significant contrast in the water quality status of the river between upstream Wazirabad barrage (Palla) and downstream Wazirabad (Nizamuddin bridge and Agra Canal). The water quality of river Yamuna at Agra is also deteriorating. During the year 2002, the Bio-chemical oxygen demand at Agra downstream ranged between 8-42 mg/l, with annual average of 21 mg/l whereas Total coliforms varied from 4,60,000 to 24,30,00,000 Nos./100 ml. The major reason of pollution in river Yamuna is not only discharges from domestic and industrial sources but also over-exploitation of fresh water available in the river, which is essentially required to maintain the self purification in the river.

Water Quality of River Yamuna in Delhi Stretch
(January - December 2002)

S. No.			Monitored Location
			Palla	Nizamuddin Bridge	Agra Canal (Okhla Barrage u/s)
1.	PH	Min	7.03	6.81	6.87
		Max	8.38	7.54	7.64
		Av	7.64	7.13	7.18
2.	Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l	Min	6.7	Nil	Nil
		Max	9.9	2.1	4.7
		Av	8.0	0.6	1.0
3.	Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/l	Min	1	6	4
		Max	4	36	21
		Av	2	23	13
4.	Total Coliforms Nos./100 ml	Min	3700	300000	130000
		Max	102000	26100000	10000000
		Av	37550	6909167	2435000
5.	Faecal Coliforms Nos./100 ml	Min	120	31000	5000
		Max	6400	1570000	260000
		Av	1449	437917	102167

Min = Minimum; Max = Maximum; Av = Average

Monitoring of Wastewater Discharge into Yamuna River/Canals from NCT - Delhi

Twenty-two drains joining River Yamuna and Canals at Delhi had been monitored regularly every month. Out of these, twenty drains join Yamuna River, while two drains join Agra and Gurgaon Canals respectively. The total pollution load in term of Bio-chemical oxygen demand carried by these drains during the year 2002 is about 259.61 tonnes per day (TPD) out of which 248.67 TPD joins the river and rest joins canals. In comparison to previous year, the total BOD load in these drains is reduced by about 45.22 tonnes/day. Najafgarh drain is the largest drain having average discharge of about 22.87 m3/sec and average BOD load is about 67.43 TPD, i.e. 47.91% of total discharge and 25.97% of total BOD load contribution by 22 drains.

Sewage Treatment Status in the Yamuna Basin

Delhi generates about 3,600 MLD of wastewater, out of which treatment facility is available for only 2,109 MLD. It is observed that there is continuous effort by the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi to augment the treatment capacity. However, the exponential population growth is nullifying the results.

Twelve towns in Haryana and 8 Towns in Uttar Pradesh are included for setting up of sewage treatment plants under Yamuna Action Plan. Two sewage treatment plants in Delhi also been constructed under this plan at Sen Nursing Home Drain and Delhi Gate Drain with a design capacity of 10 MLD each. Under the plan 34 STP's are commissioned with a treatment capacity of 743.25 MLD.

Status of Sewage Treatment Plants in Delhi

Name of Sewage Treatment Plant	Total Capacity (Million litres per day )	Actual Flow(Million litres per day )
Mehrauli	22.7	Nil
Vasant Kunj	22.7	18.16
Okhla	635	684.00
Najafgarh	22.7	Nil
Papan Kalan	90.8	40.86
Kesho Pur	327.5	338.21
Nilothi	181.6	Under Construction
Coronation Pillar	178	123.57
Rohini	68.1	Under Construction
Narela	45.4	1.68
Rithala	363.2	198.45
Yamuna Vihar	45.4	32.08
Kondli	204.5	133.4
Sen Nursing Home	10	9.08
Delhi Gate Rajghat	10	10.69
Nehru Vihar Oxidation Pond	27.24	8.1
Total	2254.84	1598.28

 

Groundwater Survey

Groundwater Survey for the Problem areas

In the 29th Conference of the Chairmen & Member Secretaries of the Central Board and the State Pollution Control Boards, it was decided that an integrated approach towards environmental management was necessary for pollution related matters in the problem areas. CPCB had initially identified 22 problem areas and subsequently two more problems areas were identified. CPCB had conducted a major groundwater quality monitoring program at 22 problem areas during year 1994and the findings were brought out as CPCB publications series GWQS/1 to 4 / 1995-96.

In the current programme, it is proposed to conduct another round of groundwater quality monitoring at all the identified problem areas through Zonal Offices of CPCB. The reports will be brought in a staggered manner and the first part is under finalisation, wherein the data will be interpreted along with data of surveys already available with the Central Ground Water Board. The participating agencies are listed below.

Agencies for Groundwater Quality Assessment

Executing agency	Problem areas (24 areas)
CPCB ZO - Kanpur	Parwenoo , Kala-Amb , Singrauli, Govindgarh (4 areas)
CPCB ZO - Bangalore	Manali, North Arcot, Greater Cochin, Bhadravathi, Vishakapatnam, Bolaram-Patancheru (6 areas)
CPCB ZO - Bhopal	Pali, Jodhpur, Korba, Ratlam-Nagda (4 areas)
CPCB ZO - Vadodara	Vapi, Ankleshwar, Chembur, Tarapur
CPCB, H.O., Delhi (Laboratory)	Najafgarh Drain Basin area
CPCB ZO - Shillong	Digboi
CPCB ZO - Kolkata	Durgapur, Howrah, Dhanbad (3 areas)
Orissa PCB	Angul, Talcher

 

The salient observations for the problem area Durgapur are given below:

i) The groundwater quality of the two tubewells located at Ashishnagar and Mayabazar stand out prominently in both the rounds that were conducted both in 1994 and in 2001-2002. The following physico-chemical parameters exceeded the limits stipulated by BIS.

CPCB groundwater locations in Durgapur, West Bengal

Location	Approx. depth(m)	Type	Current use
Mayabazar	25-30	Tubewell	Drinking & domestic purposes
Ashisnagar	25-30	Tubewell	-do-
Sagarbhanga	15-20	Dugwell	-do-
Ganatantra Colony	15-20	Dugwell	-do-
Palasdiha	15-20	Dugwell	-do-

ii) Bacterial contamination was observed at all the five locations.

iii) Fluoride levels were found quite low in most of the samples taken, about 65% of the samples in 2001-2002 reported values less than 0.5mg/l. The data received from Central Ground Water Board for the year 1999-2000 indicated fluoride values from 0.18 to 0.45 mg/l at all the locations i.e. Piala, Bhiringi, Banscopa, Deshbandhunagar and Durgapur Barrage.

iv) The concentrations of heavy metals were less than the stipulated values except for iron at the dugwell at Palasdiha .

v) The reported values for DDT were the most prominent, compared to other pesticides.

Ground Water resources for Durgapur Block (unconfined aquifer)

Area (sq.km)	379.40
Utilizable GW resources (85% of gross) MCM	62.7535
Net annual GW draft (70% of gross) MCM	0.33
Balance GW resources MCM	62.4235
Level of GW development (%)	0.52

Vapi in Gujarat is one of the biggest industrial estates with 1,800 industrial units in about 1,140 hectares of land. The groundwater samples collected from this problem area reveal that the Total Dissolved Solids were exceeding the limit of 500 mg/l and total hardness values were within the limit. The values of sulphate and nitrite were within the limit, but the conductivity values were ranging between 1,880 to 1,940 µmhos/cm, indicating contamination from surface pollutants. The measured values of chloride and fluoride were within the limit at IOC Godown, but values were exceeding at Charwad Road Station. The counts of Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform were below detectable limit except at IOC Godown during first round. There is a possibility of sewage contamination at this point. The concentrations of magnesium and calcium were exceeding at IOC Godown.

The groundwater samples collected from Ankleshwar, another problem area in Gujarat, reveal that the Total Dissolved Solids were high in concentration, and total hardness was exceeding the limits. The values of sulphate and chloride were exceeding the limits. The value of nitrite was observed within the limit near CETP and Bharuch Naka. The concentration of fluoride was within the limit. Total Coliform and Faecal Coliform were not detected at Piraman School, however, both were found at Bharuch Naka. Total coliform was present near CETP, but faecal coliform could not be detected. The measured sodium values were 67-400 mg/l near CETP, 490-610 mg/l at Piraman School and 790-870 mg/l at Bharuch Naka.

Groundwater Monitoring in Major Cities

Groundwater quality of three major cities in Uttar Pradesh (Lucknow, Kanpur and Ghaziabad) and one city in Haryana (Faridabad - Ballabhgarh) is being monitored through a network of 38 representative locations. At each location, monitoring during pre- and post-monsoon phase is to be undertaken. The monitoring of post-monsoon phase at each location has been completed.

The conductivity, fluoride and chloride content at each location was higher. At one location in Ghaziabad, excessive colour has been found.

In all the cities, the total coliform count was high, and at some places faecal coliform was also present.

At all the locations, the iron content was high and chromium content was exceeding at 12 locations. In Kanpur, hexavalent chromium (a more harmful state) was recorded at one location.

Groundwater Quality in Metropolitan Cities

Assessment of groundwater quality in metropolitan cities of Lucknow, Ludhiana, Agra, Meerut, Faridabad and Jaipur is carried out to know the deterioration and identification of polluting sources.

It is observed that the increased abstraction has lowered the water table and increased the salinity (total dissolved solids), fluoride and lead levels in Agra and Faridabad region, whereas the quality in other cities found satisfactory with respect to major cations and anions.

Status of arsenic contamination in ground water of West Bengal

In the State of West Bengal, 9 out of a total 18 districts are affected by arsenic. In the affected areas, people are suffering from different arsenic related diseases. CPCB Zonal Office at Kolkata has developed facility for testing of arsenic in water. It conducts the tests free-of-charge. During the year, 730 tube-well samples were analysed and the results were intimated to local people.

A study was also undertaken to assess the efficiency of Arsenic Removal Plants (ARP) installed at different locations in West Bengal 19 plants were monitored for this purpose. The matter has been taken up with the concerned State authorities.

Groundwater Quality around Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) and Common Secured Landfill Sites (CLFS) in Gujarat

Groundwater samples around CETP and CLFS were collected from Gujarat Industrial Development Corporations at Vatva, Odhav, Nandesari, Ankleshwar and Vapi. The findings of the study reveal that there is no inspection well available for measuring the groundwater quality at various depths for covering up gradients with respect to the direction of flow surrounding the disposal site. The laboratories were not functioning at the disposal sites and hazardous waste was randomly disposed by the labours having no protective clothings.

Analytical results indicate that the Total Dissolved Solids were exceeding the prescribed norms at all the locations and during all the seasons. Sulphate varied between 26 mg/l and 613 mg/l and total hardness between 36 mg/l to 643 mg/l at Ankleshwar. Alkalinity was ranging between 20 mg/l and 980 mg/l, chloride between 217 to 1,621 mg/l and phosphate remained in the range of Below Detection Level to 0.65 mg/l.

Water Quality of Ponds and Lakes

Environment Management Plan for some ponds of Kolkata

A study was undertaken to evaluate the action plan for management of ponds in Kolkata. Detailed survey was conducted to assess the present status of the ponds giving emphasis on the identification of sources of pollution. Findings of the survey covered ownership of ponds, user profile, practice of pisciculture, pond condition, status of maintenance, percentage of encroachment etc. Water and sediment quality of the ponds were studied in details in terms of physical, chemical and biological parameters. From the above study, action plan may be framed for management of ponds in Kolkata.

Impact of immersion of idol on ponds in Kolkata

During festivals, the idols made containing different types of materials such as clay, straw, woods, paints etc. These idols are disposed in the waterbodies alongwith fruits and flowers.

A study was conducted at three ponds in Kolkata to assess the changes in water quality due to immersion of idols. Dry study was also carried out to quantify the raw materials required for making the idol to have a stoichiometric quantity being disposed. The varnish oil and water soluble dyes are considered the source of pollutants among the raw materials used in preparation of idol. Though fruits and flowers are also the sources of pollution but they are generally removed from the ponds immediately after immersion. For impact study, sampling of water and sediments was undertaken before and after immersion at different points of each pond. The results revealed that no major changes with respect to TSS, TDS, Chloride, Potassium, Sulphate, Phosphate, Calcium though very little inclination in trend of these variables were observed. For further confirmation, an indepth study will be carried out in the forthcoming Dussehra Ceremony.

Water Quality Monitoring of Chilika & Anusupa Lake, Orissa

Chilika lake is situated between 19o 28' and 19o54' North latitudes and 85o 05' and 85o 38' East longitudes on eastern coast of India and is the largest brackish water lake with estuarine character that sprawls along the east coast. It is one of the hot spots of bio-diversity in the country and some rare, vulnerable and endangered species listed in the IUCN Red list of threatened animals inhabit the lake area for atleast a part of their life cycle. Based on its rich bio-diversity and socio-economic importance, Chilika Lake was designated by the Govt of India as Ramsar Site in 1981, under the Ramsar Convention of Wetlands of International Importance.

Two rounds of monitoring of the lake had been conducted and some salient observations are:

Chilika Lake

· Water spread area of the lake varies between 1165 and 906 sq km during the monsoon and summer respectively.

· The Lake is broadly divided into four sectors based on salinity and depth. The southern zone, central zone, northern zone and the outer channel.

· A 32 km long narrow outer channel connects the main lake to the Bay of Bengal.

· There are 52 nos. of rivers and rivulets drain into which brings in about 0.365 million tons of sediments.

· It is presently under threat from both natural and anthropogenic pressures. The problems are siltation, changes in salinity concentration, increase in freshwater weeds and aquaculture activities, decrease in fish productivity, changes in species composition of avifauna eutrophication, excessive extraction of bio-resources and an overall loss of bio-diversity. These problems resulted in the degradation of the Lake's ecosystem.

Anusupa Lake

Anusupa Lake is one of the fresh Water Lake at Atha Garh which is approximately 35 km from Bhubaneswar. This lake receives water during monsoon period from Mahanadi River. The lake is divided into Northern and Southern site.

The salient observations are as follows:

· Lake is completely Eutrophicated.
· It receives agricultural run-off from different sides.
· This lake has the potential of becoming an important recreation centre for Bhubaneswar.
· If the lake is managed properly eco-tourism can be developed which will be a source of revenue for the State.

Biomonitoring & Biomapping of Water Bodies

Biomonitoring of Water Quality

Biomonitoring has been undertaken at following wetlands of major wildlife habitats in the country, in collaboration with concerned Zonal offices of Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Boards.

Wetlands	Location	State	Month
Keoladeo (Ghana) National Park	Bharatpur	Rajasthan	March
Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary	East Godavari	Andhra Pradesh	April
Kolleru Lake Bird Sanctuary	West Godavari	Andhra Pradesh	April
Samaspur Lake Bird Sanctuary	Rae Bareily	Uttar Pradesh	July
Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary	Unnao	Uttar Pradesh	July
Sandi Lake Bird Sanctuary	Hardoi	Uttar Pradesh	July
Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary	Keetham	Uttar Pradesh	January
River Yamuna	Okhla Barrage	Delhi	November
Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary	Roing	Arunachal Pradesh	November
D' Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary	Pasighat	Arunachal Pradesh	November
Kanwar Lake Wildlife Sanctuary	Begusarai	Bihar	December
Jubba Sahini Braila Bird Sanctuary	Vaishali	Bihar	December
Kusheshwar Sthan Bird Sanctuary	Darbhanga	Bihar	December
Sultanpur Lake Bird Sanctuary	Sultanpur	Haryana	December

 

Biomonitoring of river Yamuna during Visit of Migratory Birds

CPCB has been regularly conducting the biomonitoring of Yamuna river at Okhla Barrage. Consequent to a news item on "No Flight of Fancy, Hundreds of Flamingos at Okhla Barrage", published in the Delhi edition of Indian Express on November 22, 2002, CPCB carried out a study of the water quality at Okhla Barrage. During the study, numerous Flamingos were present in the river water. Biomonitoring was carried out for rapid assessment of water quality at Okhla Barrage. The results are presented in the following table.

Water Quality at Okhla Barrage Pakhsi Vihar

Month	Location	Temperature,       0C		Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l	pH	Saprobic Score	Diversity Score	Water Quality Class	Water Quality
		Air	Water
Nov,01	Abu Fazal Enclave	22.5	24.5	0.0	--	5.2	0.78	C	Moderate Pollution
Dec,01	Abu Fazal Enclave	22.5	16.5	0.0	--	4.67	0.80	C	Moderate Pollution
Jan,02	Abu Fazal Enclave	23.0	17.0	0.0	--	4.5	0.53	C	Moderate Pollution
May,02	Abu Fazal Enclave	42.0	29.0	3.28	7.68	4.44	0.67	C	Moderate Pollution
Jun,02	Abu Fazal Enclave	42.0	29.0	0.0	7.62	4.27	0.71	C	Moderate Pollution
Jun,02	Pakshi Vihar	41.0	30.0	1.64	8.40	3.88	0.56	C	Moderate Pollution
Nov,02	NOIDA Road	28.5	22.0	2.42	--	5.14	0.85	C	Moderate Pollution
Nov,02	NOIDA Road	27.0	21.5	2.57	6.50	4.35	0.68	C	Moderate Pollution
Nov,02	Abu Fazal Enclave	28.0	21.5	0.0	6.5	4.75	0.82	C	Moderate Pollution

Biomapping of Rivers of Meghalaya

Biomapping of perennial rivers of the State of Meghalaya has been carried out by the Central Board in collaboration with Meghalaya State Pollution Control Board, Shillong. The water quality of various monitored rivers is as follows:

Bio-assessment of Rivers of Meghalaya

Name of the River	Location	District	Temperature, 0C		Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l	pH	Saprobic Score	Diversity Score	Water Quality Class
			Air	Water
Umiam, d/s	Mawphlang	East Khasi Hills	17.0	16.0	9.4	7.2	7.8	0.2	A
Umiam-Mawphl-ong, d/s	Shella	East Khasi Hills	35.0	27.0	7.2	--	7.7	0.4	A
Umiew, u/s	Nongkrem	East Khasi	18.0	15.0	7.0	7.5	4.5	0.7	C
Umiew, d/s	Umtyngngar	East Khasi	18.0	16.0	8.6	7.2	7.7	0.6	A
Umtyng-ngar, u/s	Umtyngngar	East Khasi	27.0	22.0	--	--	7.7	0.65	A
Diengli-eng	Dhankheti	East Khasi Hills	13.0	11.0	6.0	7.1	6.7	0.64	B
Umkaliar	Nongmynsong	East Khasi Hills	16.0	13.0	7.0	7.2	4.7	0.4	C
Umkhrahu/s	Demthring Spring	East Khasi Hills	--	--	6.4	5.1	0.0	0.0	E
Umkhrahm/s	Umpling	East Khasi Hills	17.0	16.0	4.6	7.3	2.6	0.2	D
Umkhrahd/s	Mawpdang	East Khasi Hills	17.0	14.0	6.0	7.2	3.4	0.7	C
Umshyr-pi	Rilbong	East Khasi Hills	15.0	13.0	5.6	7.4	2.6	0.3	D
Motupun	Sderkariah	East Khasi	--	--	--	--	4.5	0.8	C
Mawka-bor	Laitryngew	East Khasi	25.0	20.0	--	5-5.6	6.0	0.21	C-D
Laisdt	Mawkdok Sohra	East Khasi	20.0	18.0	--	--	6.5	0.47	B
Kynshi, u/s	Mawmaraw	West Khasi Hills	22.0	17.0	6.0	6.8	7.8	0.6	A
Kynshi, m/s	Umkrem	West Khasi Hills	20.0	15.0	6.6	6.7	6.5	0.5	B
Kynshi, d/s	Kynshi	West Khasi Hills	20.0	16.0	6.8	6.5	7.3	0.6	A
Weikha-wet	Pyndenglawar	West Khasi Hills	14.0	8.0	9.4	7.4	8.6	0.7	A
Nondein, u/s	Nondein	West Khasi Hills	21.0	17.0	10.0	7.5	6.5	0.61	B
Nanbah, u/s	Nongstoin	West Khasi Hills	21.0	17.0	9.0	7.4	4.9	0.71	C
Nanbah, d/s	Nongstoin	West Khasi Hills	19.0	15.0	7.8	7.1	5.9	0.8	C
Lubha, u/s	Sonapur	Jaintia Hills	30.0	27.0	8.6	--	7.1	0.8	A
Lubha, d/s	Sonapur	Jaintia Hills	31.0	27.0	8.4	--	7.6	0.6	A
Thadlas-kein Lake	Mukhla	Jaintia Hills	24.0	21.0	7.4	6.5	5.3	0.56	C
Myntdu d/s	Syntuksiar Jowai	Jaintia Hills	17.0	21.0	8.8	7.4	7.0	0.55	A
Myntdu m/s	Jowai	Jaintia Hills	--	--	9.5	7.5	7.1	0.65	A-B
Myntdu u/s	Jowai	Jaintia Hills	17.0	14.0	13.0	6.7	6.7	0.72	B
Umngot	Dawki	Jaintia Hills	31.0	27.0	--	--	7.8	0.66	A

Biological Water Quality Criteria

Range of Saprobic Score (0-10)	Range of Diversity Score (0-1)	Water Quality	Water Quality Class	Indicator Colour
7 and more	0.2-1.0	Clean	A	Blue
6-7	0.5-1.0	Slight Pollution	B	Light Blue
3-6	0.3-0.9	Moderate Pollution	C	Green
2-5	0.4 or less	Heavy Pollution	D	Orange
0-2	0-0.2	Severe Pollution	E	Red

Biomonitoring of Surface Water Bodies at Leh, Ladakh

Biomonitoring of water quality of river Indus and Shyok was carried out at Ladakh during August, 2002. The results indicate that water quality of river Indus and Shyok did not support diversity of sensitive families of benthic macro-invertebrates due to impact of monsoon and snowfall. Biological water quality with respect to Biological Water Quality Criteria indicated moderate pollution (class C) at most of the locations on water bodies. Heavy pollution (class D) was observed in river Indus at Nimmo.

Decentralized Sewage Treatment Systems (DTS)

The approach of decentralized sewage treatment is being promoted by the different national and international agencies due to its advantages over the conventional centralized sewage collection and treatment system. The advantages of the decentralized treatment system include reduced cost on sewage collection and maintenance of sewerage system, cost effective treatment technology, easy utilization of treated sewage, easy management of the wastewater due to its lesser volume and involvement of people/builders/developers in the wastewater treatment and management.

To study the practical problem in DTS and reuse/recycle of treated sewage along with harvested rain water, a pilot cum demonstration project has been taken up at Auroville, Pondicherry. The objectives of the study are, the performance evaluation of sewage treatment system, reuse/recycle of treated sewage alongwith harvested rainwater and monitoring of the parameters pH, COD, BOD, TKN, SS and Feacal Coliform.

Technical and financial assistance for installation of demonstrative rooftop rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in SPCBs

With a view to demonstrate the ease of practicing rooftop rainwater harvesting for management of water resources, the Central Board has initiated a scheme for financing up to Rs.2.50 lakh for State Pollution Control Boards/ Pollution Control Committees for installation of RWH systems in their own premises. During the year 2002, technical financial assistance for installation of demonstrative rooftop rainwater harvesting systems was provided to the following State Pollution Control Boards:

i) Assam SPCB - in the premises of their headquarters at Guwahati
ii) Chattisgarh ECB - in Regional Office buildings at Bilaspur and Jagdalpur
iii) UPPCB - in the premises of Regional Office, Kanpur
iv) APPCB - in the premises of upcoming headquarters and laboratory building in Hyderabad
v) Kerala SPCB - in the premises of their Regional Office, Ernakulam

Evaluation of technological and management performance of CETPs

The Ministry of Environment & Forests, GOI has so far approved 133 Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) projects, of which 52 schemes have been completed and operational. The remaining 81 are under various stages of progress. The concept of CETP calls for management of technical, financial and institutional aspects and their inter-relationships to achieve intended objectives. Few random studies of CETPs have shown mixed results about their performances. In order to develop comprehensive and systematic strategies for the effective functioning of CETPs, a project has been undertaken for a detailed study of performance and management of all the 52 CETPs that are currently operational in the country. Field study of the all the CETPs has already been completed.

Some of the major observations of the study are:

1. Majority of the CETPs has not only the small-scale industries but also medium- and large-scale units as their members.

2. The current average inflow in 41 CETPs is in the range of 25-65% of the design capacity. Only 11 CETPs are currently receiving more than 90% of the design inflow quantity of industrial effluents.

3. None of the CETPs studied are compliant with respect to all the parameters prescribed as standards. This is despite the fact that a majority of them handling much less than design effluent quantities.

4. Energy costs has been reported to be the major component of the O&M cost of the CETPs. In some of States, the CETPs are charged at commercial rates (and not industrial rates) since by definition they are not industries. Almost all CETPs demand that they should be provided electricity at subsidized rates.

5. A majority of the CETPs has been registered as cooperative societies. Some have been registered as limited companies.

Where the member units of CETPs are of same category of industries, CETP treatment charges are usually fixed based on the quantity of the raw material processed or effluent generated. In case of mixed type of member industries, charges are based on the concentration of certain parameters identified by CETP management (such as pH, COD and/or TDS).

Studies on Rain and Runoff Storm Water

In order to generate information on non-point sources of pollution, the quality of rain water and the surface runoff storm water were measured at various locations covering industrial, commercial and rural areas in Maharastra, Gujarat and Daman. The locations were selected for collection and analysis of samples on the basis of different activities such as agricultural, urban, commercial and industrial. The efforts were also made to assess the chemical nature of rainwater and surface runoff water.

Analytical results reveal that "Acid Rain" was not encountered anywhere in Vadodara. The measured pH values in rain water and surface runoff were in alkaline range. The surface runoff of Vadodara goes to river Mini, which ultimately joins the river Mahi. Both the rivers receive runoff storm water, which carries large quantities of Total Dissolved Solids, Suspended Solids, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) from industrial clusters of Vadodara. The COD values measured in the surface runoff water during monsoon were much higher than the pre-monsoon values. The measured values of Cadmium and Copper were exceeding the EPA discharge criteria at all the locations. At some locations, the concentration of Zinc was exceeding the limits, while nickel and lead were within the limits.