14.1 ACTIVITIES UNDER EPCA

"Copy of this application be also forwarded to Shri Bhure Lal who should constitute an agency which would independently carry out random inspection at the petrol pumps, oil depots and tank lorries in Delhi and give a report with regard to the quality of petrol and diesel available there. It will not be necessary for such an agency to give advance notice before lifting samples as it will be helpful if there is an element of surprise".

"Bhure Lal Committee is requested to investigate the prices of CNG as done by the IGL and give report to this Court whether there is any justification for the figure of Rs. 16.83 per kg. In giving this report, the Bhure Lal Committee should take into consideration the price at which petrol, diesel and kerosene are sold in Delhi. It will also indicate as to what is the extent of the subsidy or cross subsidization, if any given by the Central Government in respect of petrol, diesel and kerosene as compared to CNG.

The report of the Bhure Lal Committee be submitted within eight weeks. The Indraprashtha Gas Limited and the Union of India shall furnish to Bhure Lal Committee any particular which are asked for by the said Committee. The Bhure Lal Committee will be at liberty to take assistance from any Cost Accountant or any other expert in the matter."

1. The cost accountants consulted by the EPCA from the Institute of Public Auditors of India have examined the cost data provided by the IGL and have made the following observations:

a. Need for rationalisation of costs and detailed scrutiny.

b. IGL should scrutinise its expenditure to bring in more efficiency and further reduction in operating costs and fixed costs. In particular, IGL must work to economise its expenditure on administration, salaries and repairs and maintenance.

c. Cost implication of the agreements with respect to annual maintenance would need review, as in the current agreements the savings cannot be quantified.

2. No one can contest that all efforts should be made to improve the efficiency of the operations. However, in a fixed cost of Rs 4.91 a 10 per cent improvement in efficiency would save about 50 paise per kg of gas. At the same time in such operations real efficiency can be achieved only after the operations have stabilized.

3. IGL has justified the price hike from Rs 13.11 to Rs 16.83 arguing that sales revenue would not increase adequately to cover up increased costs of operation and infrastructure development. Therefore, optimised utilisation of infrastructure, better capital planning and increased sales should be the focus. Better sales and efficiency in operations in future should help in keeping further price increase in check.

4. Need for higher return on equity is yet another justification given by IGL. In its affidavit to the Hon’ble Supreme Court, IGL has claimed that its return on equity is 10 per cent. As mentioned earlier increases in sales in future could provide opportunities to reduce the price of gas to consumers.

5. Towards this objective, it is important for government to recognize the developmental imperative of IGL and that investments in creating a gas infrastructure will earn long term gains – both in terms of high returns as well as high developmental, economic and societal rates of return. Therefore, appropriate fiscal policies and the use of economic instruments are needed to support this objective.

The government should provide a tax break on CNG for a certain period of time and subsequently, maintain an effective differential vis a vis other conventional fuels. The excise duty, which has been increased from 8 per cent to 16 per cent should be totally waived. This will not affect revenue generation of the government from this small niche market to any appreciable level. But this will amount to a decrease in the price of CNG by Rs. 2.32 per kg. This move should be subsequently supported by a favourable taxation policy. This should be further complimented with vehicles based incentive programmes.

6. The more serious problem is that the project has been conceived under tremendous time pressures, without adequate support. Therefore, It is important for IGL to now take stock of its opportunities and plan carefully to ensure that it is able to dispense gas to the growing market in Delhi. This is critical for the implementation of the CNG project in Delhi.

7. There is scope for improvement both in terms of increased sale and in improving operational efficiencies to keep the price stable in the future. If the cost of present investments had to be cushioned then the government should have intervened with tax incentives and low interest loan package for IGL. As mentioned above, a major component of the price is excise duty. In addition to this, the interest burden as evident from the cost details provided by IGL is expected to increase substantially in the coming years: from 3 per cent of the expenditure to roughly 11 per cent of the expenditure by 2003-04. If IGL has recourse to low cost funding from Oil Industry Development Board (OIDB), under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, it will substantially reduce the financial costs and obviate pressure to increase prices. In addition to this the government should implement tax break, phase in differential taxation and provide other tax incentives to IGL to make CNG more competitive with fuels it is replacing like diesel.

B. Fiscal policy for promoting environmentally acceptable fuels

1. It is clear from the review of the fuel taxation policies around the world that "favourable" taxation is an important instrument to maintain the price differential to encourage environmentally acceptable fuels. EPCA recommends that the Indian government must also frame a fiscal policy to allow for higher price competitiveness for environmentally acceptable fuels with competing conventional fuels.

2. In the context of Delhi and other critically polluted cities of India it is important to remember that CNG will directly compete with diesel more than petrol. As a result, the taxation policy should be designed in a manner that an appropriate and effective price differential is maintained with diesel. Therefore, in order to address the CNG taxation it is also important to address diesel taxation. In Delhi today the percentage difference between petrol and CNG prices is as high as 42 per cent in contrast to a meagre difference of 6 per cent between diesel and CNG. While tax on CNG should be lowered, tax on city diesel should be increased simultaneously.

3. It must be noted that the government is already using fiscal measures, such as tax adjustment in the excise duty, to manage the volatility in the diesel and petrol prices. For instance, given the high current prices of diesel and petrol, it has reduced the excise duty from 16 per cent to 14 per cent on diesel and 32 percent to 30 percent on petrol, to reduce the burden on the consumers.

4. EPCA recommended that the government should also provide a tax break on CNG for a certain period of time. Amount of gas that is coming in for transport and city distribution is a very small fraction of the total gas market in the country – less than 2 per cent. The excise duty, which has been increased from 8 per cent to 16 percent, will earn a mere Rs 42 crore from the Delhi CNG market during 2002-2003 and can therefore be waived off till the time the market is established. This will not affect revenue generation of the government to any appreciable level. But this will amount to a decrease in the price of CNG by Rs. 2.32 per kg. Subsequently, differential taxation should be phased in. This should be further complimented with vehicle based incentive programmes as already directed by the Honorable Supreme Court.

5. The government is already poised towards deregulating the gas prices and gas sector reforms. But such moves will have to be examined carefully in the context of CNG as an autofuel. It is not within the purview of our report to look into these issues though we understand that there is need for an appropriate fiscal instrument that will enable natural gas and CNG to remain competitive in a market driven scenario. It is important that the government reviews the gas pricing system, status of gas sector reforms and practices in other countries to implement favourable taxation policy to promote environmentally acceptable fuels.

6. With deregulation and reforms underway, there is little elaboration of the issue of CNG as an autofuel in official policies. The current focus of the pricing system is on industrial and power uses of gas, where it is competing with fuel oil and naphtha. But there is no discussion on policy intervention needed to make CNG competitive vis a vis its competing fuels especially when price deregulation happens. If pricing and market reforms are not synchronized with appropriate regulatory support it may lead to steep escalation in gas prices after deregulation and may make it difficult to sustain favourable taxation policy especially vis a vis competing fuels like diesel that are likely to remain cheaper. This requires immediate scrutiny.

7. The government must urgently formulate a policy for CNG and other environmentally acceptable fuels for the transportation sector. The issue is not the price per se, but the comparative price of the fuel it is replacing. In the deregulated scenario if the price of diesel keeps fluctuating and remains too close or even lower than CNG it will have a negative impact on the CNG programme. Therefore, the government must urgently formulate a policy to promote environmentally acceptable fuels like CNG by using economic instruments to maintain the critical differential between clean and dirty fuels.

"We direct the Bhure Lal Committee to examine the possibility of development of forest and large tracts of land which have been acquired by the Delhi Administration and the Delhi Development Authority and which are still lying undeveloped. Liberty will be given to the Delhi Development Authority and the Delhi Administration to place before the Bhure Lal Committee the status with regard to the utilization of the said land. Bhure Lal Committee may give its report within twelve weeks from today. Within two weeks from today the Delhi Development Authority and the Delhi Administration will file affidavits with Bhure Lal Committee indicating the land details or the land acquired and which have not been constructed upon or utilized till today’.

• Environmental Impact due to Mines

In the matter of IA No. 1785 in W.P.(C) No.4677 of 1985; M.C. Mehta v/s UOI & others the Hon’ble Supreme Court has given the following direction to the Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA) on September 23, 2002:

This is a follow up direction of the earlier Hon’ble Supreme Court order of July 25, 2002, that had given the following direction to the EPCA:

Following the July 25 order, EPCA had made a surprise visit to the area to see the mining sites in the villages of Anangpur, Pali, Mohabtabad and Mangar, which fall within the notified area of 5 km radius from the Delhi border in the Faridabad district. EPCA also visited mining sites that are located outside the notified zone in Kot area. Moreover, consultation was also held with the officials of the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and obtained their opinion on this matter.

On the basis of study and visit as well as the report of CGWB, EPCA submitted an interim report on "Haryana Ridge and Aravalli hills: Environmental impact" to the Hon’ble Supreme Court.

As per the Hon’ble Supreme Court Order dated September 23,2003, EPCA further examined the issue and held discussions with the concerned officials from different departments. Inspection was made to 26 Mining sites along with the officials from concerned departments of the Haryana state government and mine owners.

The overall assessment of the environmental impact of the mining activities in the area especially its implication for ground water level in the region made the following recommendations :

1. The ban on the mining activities and pumping of groundwater in and from an area up to 5 kms from the Delhi-Haryana border in the Haryana side of the ridge and also in the Aravalli hill must be maintained.
   
   
2. Not only further degradation be halted but, all efforts must be made to ensure that the local economy is rejuvenated, with the use of plantations and local water harvesting based opportunities. It is indeed sad to note the plight of people living in these hills who are caught between losing their water dependent livelihood and between losing their only desperate livelihood to break stones in the quarries. It is essential that the Government of Haryana seriously implement programmes to enhance the land-based livelihood of people – agriculture, animal care and forestry. Local people must not be thrown into making false choices, which may secure their present but will destroy their future. Already, all the villages visited by EPCA complained of dire and desperate shortages of drinking water. Women talked about long queues before taps to collect water. Clearly, water resources of the region are critical inputs to development and cannot be wasted and destroyed like this. The state government must come up with strategies to involve local communities in the future development of this region. Under the mining lease, 10 per cent of the royalty is to be given to local villagers.. But there was little evidence in these poor and destitute villages that any effort had been made to share the proceeds with them.
   
   
3. The Central Ground Water Board must be consulted urgently about what should be done with the huge standing water in the area. This is a valuable national resource and the Board should be asked if the water is best conserved by covering it to stop evaporation or should it be used for recharge and storage with further water harvesting efforts.
4. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) should be asked to extend the notification under the Environment (Protection) Act to the Faridabad part of the Aravalli including the ridge. Currently, the notification is only for Gurgoan district. This notification declaring it an ecologically sensitive area will help to regulate the activities in this region.
5. If adequate planning for water is being done in the large-scale construction activities being undertaken in this area. This aspect is outside the purview of this report but needs to be examined carefully.
6. The Gurgoan-Faridabad road is being proposed as the major bypass for the city of Delhi. The Hon’ble Court will note its directives on the air pollution case in this regard. It has been said to the court in that matter that the government of Haryana is intending to widen the road and bids have even been issued to this effect. Therefore, it is all the more important that the mining activity along the road must not be allowed. The 5 km ban from the border of Delhi will take care of this requirement.
7. The mining area outside the 5 km area must be demarcated and regulated in this context.

• COMMON EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANTS

EPCA earlier inspected all the 14 common effluent treatment plants (CETPs), which are either constructed or under construction and submitted its report to the Ministry of Environment and Forests in January 2002. The issue was again taken up with the Delhi State Industrial Development Corporation (DSIDC). As informed by the DSIDC, the present status in respect of these CETPs is as given in Table 14.1.

Table 14.1 Status of Construction of CETPs

S. No.	CETP Site	Status of Physical Progress As on January 2002	Status of Physical Progress as on September 2002
1	CETP at Wazirpur Industrial Area	Construction work has been taken up in October, 1999 with scheduled date of completion as June, 2001. Construction of plant completed and trial run started from 12.10.2001. The treatment scheme consists of primary treatment only to treat 24 mld of wastewater per day. Chemical treatment by addition of lime, alum, polyelectrolyte and chlorine dosing is provided. The treatment plant is non-operational as chemicals required to be supplied by DSIDC is not available since January 2002. During the trial period of 3 months, of commissioning CETP was not operated at the desired pH of about 8 to precipitate the metals. It has been observed that effluent was brought upto pH of 4 and thus no proper treatment has been provided. It has been also observed that grit removal is not proper as no mechanical system has been provided and therefore grit has found way upto equalization tank. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) has initially assessed the dosing of lime as 200 mg/l which has gone to 2000 mg/l as on today. Since, the sludge generated is hazardous in nature, it is required to be disposed off at Hazardous Waste disposal site, which does not exist as on today in Delhi. The generation of sludge will be very high due to high quantity of chemical requirement. Work awarded for construction of secondary & tertiary treatment plant.	CETP has been made operational and pH being raised upto 6.0. Additional arrange-ment is being done for proper dosing of chemicals. Since, chemical dosing has been increased substantially, the sludge generation is also huge but no site for hazardous waste has been created so far which is a limitation to sludge disposal.
2	Mangolpuri Industrial Area	Construction work has been taken up in September 1999 with scheduled date of completion as April 2001. Trial run of the plant started on 28.11.2001. The plant is designed to treat 2.4 mld of wastewater. At present, effluents from Mangolpuri-Phase I is being received to the tune of 50-60 m3/hr at the plant. Work on pumping of effluent from Phase II is yet to be completed. The treatment plant consists of primary, secondary and tertiary treatment units. The backwash from the dual media filter and activated carbon filter is presently discharged into the drain alongwith the tertiary treated effluent, thus defying the purpose of providing tertiary level of treatment. Hence, it is necessary to make provision for re-cycling of the backwash to the treatment system.	Work on pumping station for pumping of effluent for Phase II is completed and BOD achieved is less than 10 mg/l.
3	Mayapuri Industrial Area	Construction work for primary ETP was taken up in November 1999 and scheduled to be completed by June 2001. The construction work of CETP is complete and trial run is likely to start by first week of February 2002. The plant is designed to treat 12 mld of wastewater. The arrangement to convey effluent from Mayapuri Industrial Area Phase I exist while work of laying of 2.7 km. conduit to convey effluent from Mayapuri Industrial Area Phase II and electrical connections is in progress, which is expected to be completed by the end of February, 2002. The work order for construction of secondary and tertiary units has been awarded recently and scheduled to be completed within 10 months.	Work on primary CETP is complete and work on secondary and tertiary CETP expected to be completed soon.
4	Jhilmil Industrial Area	Construction work for primary treatment plant was taken up in September 2000 and scheduled to be completed by May 2002. The plant is designed to treat 16.8 mld of wastewater. 90% work of conveyance of effluent from Friends Colony Industrial area is complete and the excavation work for raw effluent pumping station in Jhilmil Colony Industrial Area is in progress. The tender for construction of secondary and tertiary unit has been called. Overall about 80% of civil work of CETP is complete.	95% work was complete and expected to be commissioned soon.
5	Lawrence Road Industrial Area	Construction work for primary treatment plant has been taken up in November, 2000 and scheduled to be completed by May 2002. However, completion of work is likely to be delayed by 3-4 months. The plant is designed to treat 12 mld of wastewater. The work on rising main to receive effluent from Lawrence Road Industrial Area is yet to start. The tenders for construction of secondary and tertiary units have been called. About 50% of civil work of CETP is complete.	Expected to be commissioned soon.
6	Badli Industrial Area	Construction work for primary, secondary and tertiary treatment plant has been taken up in December, 2000 and scheduled to be completed by October 2002. About 50% of the civil work has been completed. The plant is designed to treat 12 mld of wastewater. The work on rising main to receive effluent from Badli Industrial Area is yet to start.	Expected to be commissioned soon.
7	GT Karnal Road Industrial Area	Construction work for primary, secondary and tertiary treatment plant has been taken up in December, 2000 and scheduled to be completed by August 2002. About 50% of the civil work has been completed. The plant is designed to treat 6 mld of wastewater. The work on rising main to receive effluent from GT Karnal Road Industrial Area is yet to start.	Expected to be commissioned soon subject to completion of conveyance system by DJB. DSIDC to report progress after a month.
8	SMA Industrial Area	Construction work for primary, secondary and tertiary treatment plant has been taken up in January 2001 and scheduled to be completed by September 2002. About 30% of the civil work has been completed. The plant is designed to treat 12 mld of wastewater. The work on revamping of conveyance system to receive effluent from SMA, Rajasthan Udyog Nagar is yet to start.	Expected to be commissioned soon.
9	Nangloi Industrial Area	Construction work for primary, secondary and tertiary treatment plant has been taken up in January, 2001 and scheduled to be completed by September, 2002. About 60% of the civil work has been completed and all the pressure filter vessels are received. The plant is designed to treat 12 mld of wastewater. The conduit to convey effluent from DSIDC industrial area is to be re-laid. The rising main of 1.3 km. from Nangloi Industrial Areas is also to be laid.	Expected to be commissioned soon.
10	Okhla Industrial Area	Construction work for primary, secondary and tertiary treatment plant has been taken up in December, 2000 and scheduled to be completed by June, 2002. About 80% of the civil work has been completed and filters have also been arrived at the site. The plant is designed to treat 24 mld of wastewater.	Expected to be commissioned soon.
11	Okhla Industrial Estate	The Society has raised objections regarding design of the CETP, which they have got prepared from Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. The revised proposal has been sent to NEERI for the approval. Tenders are yet to be called.	Construction is proposed to be completed by September 2003.
12	Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area	`Technical Bid’ is yet to be opened.	Construction is proposed to be completed by September 2003.
13	Naraina Industrial Area	`Technical Bid’ is yet to be opened.	Work awarded for construction. Expected to be completed by December 2003
14	Najafgarh Road Industrial Area	`Technical Bid’ is yet to be opened.	Work awarded for construction. Expected to be completed by December, 2003

• Sewage Treatment Plants

As per Hon’ble Supreme Court order, river Yamuna has to be cleaned by March 2003. Discussions were held with Delhi Jal Board (DJB) in this regard. DJB made a presentation before the Authority on wastewater management in Delhi and highlighted steps being initiated by them for making Yamuna clean. DJB stated that 650 mgd of water being supplied and about 130 mgd of water is being abstracted from underground by other authorities and public. The total wastewater generation is 650 mgd. Out of this, 400 mgd of sewage is being treated. The treatment capacity at present is 482.4 mgd and 30 mgd is under construction. DJB has projected that by 2007, 950 mgd of water will be supplied and around 780 mgd of wastewater will be generated. Wastewater treatment capacity by year 2007 has been projected to be 785.4 mgd including 40 mgd treatment in CETPs.

DJB informed that it will not be possible to clean Yamuna by March 2003 as directed by the Hon’ble Supreme Court and they have requested that the deadline may be extended to December 2005.

Steps should be taken for rehabilitating the trunk sewers, replacement of internal sewers and trapping of drains for diverting the total flow to the sewage treatment plants. DJB is required to ensure that the capacity created is fully utilized.

DJB is required to lay sewers for conveyance of wastewater for CETPs. DJB informed that revamping of effluent conveyance system in Nangloi, Udyog Nagar, SMA, GT Karnal Road and Jhilmil Industrial Area is likely to be completed by December 31, 2002. In SSI Industrial Area, Badli Industrial Area, Kirti Nagar Industrial Area, Naraina Industrial Area and Friends Colony Industrial Area, conveyance system is expected to complete by March 2003. In rest of the CETP, revamping is already completed.

• BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
  
  

EPCA visited some of the hospitals in Delhi and observed that the biomedical wastes are not being properly treated as required under Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998. The issue was taken up with the Delhi Pollution Control Committee. The present status is as below.

In the first phase, DPCC identified 55 major hospitals which have 100 beds and above for implementation of bio medical waste management rules. Out of these 55 hospitals, 31 have their own incineration at present. In year 2000, many hospitals have installed incinerators but not operated due to various operational problems, and switched over to private operators for centralized services. With the switching over to centralized facilities, the hospitals have improved their services and also able to save cost on maintenance of on-site incinerators.

Three Contractors authorized by DPCC are presently collecting the bio-medical wastes and incinerating the same at common facilities. The facility available at Deendayal Upadhyay Hospital is being utilized by a contractor for incineration, autoclaving and shredding of bio-medical waste collected from other 1280 hospitals, nursing homes and clinics. They have 10 vehicles to collect the bio-medical waste and cater to around 1280 units in Delhi. The other Contractor has facility like incinerator, autoclave and shredder for disposal of bio-medical waste, in Narela Industrial Area. This contractor caters to about 400 units in Delhi. The third Contractor has also been authorized recently by DPCC.

DPCC has also associated 3 NGOs for survey of hospitals for effective implementation of the Bio-Medical Waste Rules and awareness programmes. Recently, on the recommendations of DPCC, Central Pollution Control Board has issued notices under Section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1984 for violation of the provisions of Bio-Medical Waste Rules by hospitals. DPCC said that sharps disposal management in the hospitals is not proper though most of the hospitals are using needle destroyers for restriction of sharps. Sharp are the most dangerous of all medical wastes and require a proper management policy for its disposal.

• BYE-PASSING OF TRUCKS IN TRANSIT

The Hon’ble Supreme Court order dated July 15, 2002 in W.P. (C ) No. 13029/1985 directed that plying of all heavy vehicles through Delhi which do not comply with category II norms should be stopped. Delhi Police and MCD are to ensure compliance of the order. EPCA discussed the issue with the Delhi Police (Traffic). It was informed that Delhi Police has initiated action since 27.7.2002. All the goods vehicles which do not have destination to Delhi are being turned away. Number of vehicles turned away at the border by the Traffic Police is given in Table 14.2. Numbers of goods vehicles entered in Delhi from various borders with toll tax labels issued by MCD, are given in Table 14.3.

Table 14.2 Number Non-destined Goods Vehicles Turned Away

Period	Goods Vehicles Turned Away
27.07.02 to 31.07.02	7104
01.08.02 to 31.08.02	3637
01.09.02 to 30.09.02	2495
01.10.02 to 31.10.02	1939
01.11.02 to 30.11.02	1165






















Table 14.3 Number of Goods Vehicle Entered in Delhi

Period	No. of goods vehicles entering in Delhi
20.07.02 to 26.07.02	109964
27.07.02 to 02.08.02	91166
03.08.02 to 09.08.02	83781
10.08.02 to 16.08.02	74708











Delhi Police said that for strict compliance of the Hon’ble Supreme Court order, Police Force has been posted on each entry point to check the travel document and allowed entry only if destination is Delhi. EPCA suggested following steps as long-term solutions to avoid entry of vehicles not required to off load in Delhi :

• Four corridors may be made for interlinking the major highways to act as a bye pass road to Delhi. The non-destining vehicles can take the route through bye-pass; and
• Activity relating to checking of papers for goods carriers may be given to the State Government or Municipal Corporation as the Traffic Police is not trained in such work.

• Emissions from Auto Rickshaws

It was brought to the notice of EPCA that some CNG auto rickshaws emit excessive white smoke during operation. EPCA asked the manufacturers to take note of the problem and remedial measures. M/s Bajaj Auto Limited agreed that they also received some complaints regarding this matter. After analyzing the problem, Bajaj Auto Ltd. was of the view that most of the 4-stroke three wheelers supplied in the markets are now one-to two years old and reasons for emission of white smoke is due to excessive consumption of lubricating oil and wear off of cylinder, piston and piston rings. These parts are getting worn due to use of sub standard air filter and its improper fitment, use of reclaimed oil and poor maintenance of vehicles including replacement of filter and oil. CNG fuel and kit have no direct bearing on the smoky air exhaust. Smoke is purely due to higher oil consumption associated with poor maintenance of the vehicles. The manufacturers assured to take steps so that the problem get reduced.

It was informed that Bajaj Auto Limited has initiated consumer education programme and training of local mechanics on CNG autos. M/s Shrimankar Car Gas Services informed that they have mostly carried out retrofitment of CNG kits and as such they are providing maintenance of the kit as per warranty conditions. They have not come across the problems as yet.

• CNG Dispensing Capacity

While hearing the matter regarding affidavit of Shri Rajeev Sharma on capacity to compress and dispense CNG, the Hon’ble Supreme Court vide its order of February 14, 2003 directed the Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA) to examine the following: 

"In view of the affidavit filed by Shri Rajeev Sharma, we deem it fit to get a report from Bhure Lal committee, preferably within two weeks." 

The Hon’ble Court would like to be apprised if IGL would be able to `make available’ or sell 16.11 lakh kg of gas per day as mandated by the Hon’ble Court irrespective of making the distinction between its capacity to compress and capacity to dispense.  

EPCA examined the affidavit filed by Shri Rajeev Sharma Ex. Managing Director, IGL on February 10, 2003.  It has further considered the following affidavits filed in response to the show cause notice served by the Hon’ble Court on September 9, 2002.

Affidavits filed by Shir A K De, Managing Director, IGL (dated October 23, 2002), Shri P S Bhargava (February 13, 2003) and Shri L Lobo (February 11, 2003) of IGL. Both Shri P S Bhargava and Shri L Lobo have stated in their respective affidavits "explanation submitted by Mr De before this Honb'le Court are adopted by me." (Hereafter these three affidavits are referred to as IGL affidavit). 

EPCA has analysed the sequence of events emerging from the April 5, 2002 order and the affidavits filed by IGL, thereafter, to examine if the affidavits from the IGL officials in response to the show cause notice have adequately addressed the key concern of the court -- if IGL would be able to `make available’ the Court mandated 16.11 lakh kg of CNG by June 30, 2002, to meet the projected demand in the transport sector in the city.  EPCA prepared a report titled "IGL show cause notice : Comments on affidavit filed by Rajeev Sharma and others" which includes following observations and recommendations:

1. On scrutiny of the affidavits of Shri Rajeev Sharma and IGL, it is clear that there is no disagreement or difference between the two in their various contentions, on the terms, "compression capacity" and "dispensing capacity": 

1. The term compression capacity means the capacity of the compressor installed to compress gas;
2. The capacity/capability to dispense gas, which is dependent on the compressors as well as the related infrastructure like dispensers, location of stations etc needed to dispense gas efficiently, without long queues, and;
3. In addition the actual offtake of gas, which is dependent on the number and sizes of vehicles coming for refuelling, in other words, the actual sales.

2. The actual sales/offtake of gas is a critical determinant in the price fixation by the IGL management. In its justification for the increase in price from Rs 13.11 to Rs 16.83 per kg in April 2002, IGL had estimated that it would sell between 6-7 lakh kg of gas in 2003-04 in its realistic and optimistic scenarios. EPCA has found that in February 2003, the actual sales of gas is 7.17 lakh kg per day, which is higher than what had been estimated by IGL to compute its annual sales. IGL is also dispensing 61 per cent of its installed capacity.  

3. Based on the above, EPCA is now of the view that the decision in April 2002 of IGL to raise the CNG prices cannot be justified, as it assumed a projected sale estimate and capacity utilisation, which is not borne out of the above scrutinised facts.  

4. It must be noted that CNG is a court-mandated market that has established the baseline demand of gas for the transport sector in Delhi. IGL will at the minimum sell the amount of gas mandated under the various orders of the court to a fixed number of commercial transport vehicles in the city. A potential demand exists beyond this minimum sale and IGL will have to work towards realising this market potential with aggressive marketing strategy to remain cost-effective. Otherwise, there is a likelihood of the Capital costs of expansion of CNG infrastructure being passed on to the existing consumer, especially commercial transport. Capital infrastructure will only lead to an increased burden on the consumers.  

5. The vast infrastructure for CNG delivery has been created not only at enormous financial cost but also at consistent Court, public and government endeavours. This reality has to be recognised by IGL.  

6. EPCA is of the view that instead of focusing on the narrow technical distinction between dispensing capacity and compression capacity to justify a conservative projection of sales and demand, it is more important to frame appropriate policies and strategies to increase CNG sales.  

7. CNG has been introduced in this city to control particulate pollution. It is therefore, in the interest of public health to encourage large-scale conversion of vehicles to CNG. But the countervailing pressures of the CNG price hike last year, coupled with a tacit policy to actively discourage conversion of private cars to CNG due to poor availability of gas, the long queues at the filling stations has dampened demand for CNG in the city, negating some of the efforts made as cited above. Central and the state governments be directed to submit a phase-in plan to run more vehicles on CNG and actively encourage private vehicles to run on CNG as well. To facilitate this process, appropriate fiscal and economic incentive policy should be designed.  

8. The price hike was possible only because of the lack of a regulatory framework for promoting CNG as an autofuel. This bears out the importance of a policy that would safeguard against similar arbitrary decisions to increase prices in the future, which could jeopardise the CNG programme in Delhi. 

To safeguard against any further arbitrary price based purely on commercial objectives of the companies supplying CNG, the government must be directed to set up a regulatory and a fiscal mechanism to promote CNG and other environmentally acceptable fuels. EPCA has noted with concern that with deregulation and price reforms underway, there is little elaboration of the issue of CNG as an auto-fuel in official policies to make CNG competitive vis a vis its competing fuels like diesel and petrol. EPCA had earlier noted in its pricing report that CNG would directly compete diesel more than petrol. As a result, the taxation policy should be designed in a manner that an appropriate and effective price differential is maintained with diesel. The review of the fuel taxation policies round the world shows that "favourable" taxation is an important instrument to maintain the price differential to encourage environmentally acceptable fuels. To underscore this point EPCA would like to reiterate this recommendation already made in the pricing report with regards to the fiscal policy on CNG.

2. IMPLEMENTATION OF MALE’S DECLARATION ON CONTROL & PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution is an emerging environmental issue in Asia as it is in other parts of the world. To cope up with the issue of Transboundary Air Pollution in South Asia, the Male’s Declaration was adopted by Ministers of the Environment at the Seventh Meeting of the Governing Council of South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme (SACEP), held on August 22, 1998 in Male, Republic of Maldives.

The Male’s Declaration stated the need for the countries to carry forward or initiate studies and programme on Air Pollution in each country of South Asia. The Phase – I of the Male Declaration started in 1999 saw the establishment of the network of organisations to implement the Declaration and compilation of Baseline information on Air Quality Monitoring and Management in the participating caountries.

The Phase – II of the programme commenced in 2002 and the objective of this phase is to put in place the expertise equipment and information, needed for the quantitative monitoring, analysis and policy recommendations for eventual prevention/control of air pollution. The specific objectives of this phase are:

• Expanding the existing network;
• Establishing/strengthening monitoring facilities; and
• Study the transboundary effects of air pollution.

As a part of the Implementation of Male Declaration, a stakeholder meeting was held in New Delhi on September 24, 2002. Over 50 participants from all sectors as well as implementing agencies of Male Declaration participated in the meeting. Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi and the Ministry of Environment & Forests, SACEP, SEI and UNEP/RRC-AP jointly organised the meeting. Recommendations were derived from the forum for future implementation of the Male Declaration. A National Advisory Committee has been constituted under the Male Declaration. The Committee envisages members from State Pollution Control Boards, Research Organisations, NGOs etc.

14.3 MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW)

To motivate local bodies for undertaking implementation of Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, CPCB has taken up several initiatives. The actions taken include; Persuasion/ interaction with State Boards and local bodies, strengthening of infrastructure of State Boards, undertaking field studies relating to various aspects of waste management and drawing up action plan for management of solid waste in cities and towns.

Feed Back from States and Union Territories (UTs)

The feed-back received from the local bodies and SPCBs indicates the following status of municipal waste.

• Majority of the local bodies are aware of the Rules and their responsibilities;

• SPCBs and PCCs have constituted Committees to deal with issues relating to; issuance of authorizations, identification of landfill sites, management of accidents and Technology Appraisal for the assistance of local bodies;

• State Governments are in the process of evolving State level policies to set up waste processing facilities; and,
• CPCB jointly with SPCBs/PCCs organized interactive meets with local bodies includes Chhatisgarh, Meghalaya, Chandigarh, Orissa, Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Tripura, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab.

Capability Development

Based on proposal of CPCB, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has provided financial support to SPCBs/PCCs to strengthen infrastructure facilities for enabling them to implement MSW Rules. Financial assistance has been provided to 33 SPCBs/PCCs. SPCBs/PCCs have set up waste management cells for interaction with the local bodies and for field surveys/ investigations.

Action Plan for Municipal Waste

Based on the quantum of solid waste generation in cities and towns, a strategy has been formulated for implementation of the Rules. According to the size of the town (population and quantity of solid waste generation) action plan has been suggested.

Demonstration Facility

It is proposed to set up at least one demonstration facility in each State/UT. Such facility would cover providing financial support to the candidate local body on 70:30 (subsequently agreed for 50:50) funding pattern. Under this scheme, all aspects of the Rules will be covered for demonstration purpose and other local bodies could replicate them in a phased manner.

14.4 BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Bio-Medical Waste Management

1. Under the Project "Strengthening of Hospital Waste Management Programme", a WHO funded activity, two hospitals have been developed as model for demonstration of segregation system of bio-medical waste as per the Bio-medical Waste Rules, 1998. The hospitals that have been developed are Govt. Medical College, Jammu and Vivekanand Polyclinic, Ramakrishna Mission Sevashram, Lucknow. A demonstration program was also conducted at each of these hospitals to demonstrate and educate various stakeholders on July 29, 2002 and September 21-22, 2002 at Jammu and Vivekanand Polyclinic respectively.
2. In compliance to the Hon’ble High Court, Allahabad’s order, CPCB carried out inspection of 33 hospitals/common treatment facility in Uttar Pradesh during March 14, 2002 to April 04, 2002. Stack emission monitoring of 6 incinerators was also carried out and the report was submitted to the Hon’ble High Court.
3. CPCB also assisted Delhi Pollution Control Committee in carrying out inspection of hospitals in Delhi for issuing authorisation to the hospitals under the provision of the Bio-medical Waste Rules.
4. Healthcare facilities being a health service industry, issuing stringent action to defaulters hospitals as stipulated in the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 may effect the social service offered by these healthcare facilities. At the same time, it is duty of all the healthcare facilities to implement the provisions of the Bio-medical Waste Rules. Putting equal importance to both views, CPCB approached MoEF to include a provision of compounding of offences through amendment in Bio-medical Waste Rules, 1998.
5. Various treatment technologies are coming up as options for treatment of bio-medical wastes. Few such technologies were evaluated by CPCB and a provisional approval has been given to "Logmed" technology. The "Logmed" technology is a thermal dis-infection process using heat transfer oil. Moreover, two other technologies i.e., Metal Sharp Manager and Demolizer System are under process of evaluation.
6. For effective implementation of the BMW Rules, CPCB has been continuously following up the SPCBs/PCCs to initiate action under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 against the defaulter hospitals so as to make it clear that the Rules are meant for enforcement.

With reference to the above letters, a number of SPCBs/PCCs have issued show-cause notices to the defaulter hospitals.

7. To catch hold the defaulters, CPCB issued show cause notices under Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 to 18 defaulter hospitals in Delhi (5), Uttar Pradesh (3), Rajasthan (5), MP(4) and Chhatisgarh (1). The notices were issued upon recent vesting of required powers by the Govt. of India to CPCB.
8. CPCB is regularly following up the SPCBs to submit the information on bio-medical waste management as per the provision of the Bio-medical Waste Rules, 1998. Based on the information received from SPCBs/PCCs, a status report on implementation of Bio-medical Waste Rules has been prepared.
9. The status of Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment Facilities has also been prepared by CPCB.

CPCB also compiles the status of implementation of the BMW Rules in the country. As per information submitted by SPCB/PCC, out of 5,05,647 kg of bio-medical waste generated per day in the country, 1,37,357 kg of waste is treated. There are total 438 incinerators and 216 other treatment equipments in the country.

10. CPCB conducted a two days workshop in association with Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board at Hyderabad during February 25-26, 2003. The objective of the workshop was to develop guidelines for establishing Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment Facilities. The participants were from SPCBs, common treatment facility operators and major hospitals. As the outcome of the workshop, CPCB has prepared draft Guidelines for Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment Facility. The same is under process of finalization.
11. CPCB has also prepared draft Guidelines for design & construction of bio-medical waste incinerator, which is based upon the experience of CPCB and in-consultation with incinerator manufactures. The final document will be helpful to check the proliferation of poor quality of incinerator.
12. A documentary filmmaking project has been awarded to Govt. Medical College, Jammu on Bio-medical Waste Management to demonstrate the best practices of segregation, transportation and treatment technologies.

To generate awareness on Bio-medical waste management, CPCB supported awareness cum training programme for staff of Gujarat Pollution Control Board on monitoring and implementation of Bio-medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998.

Bio-Medical Waste Management in North-Zone

The hospitals and bio medical facilities meant to ensure better health have unfortunately become a potential health risk due to mismanagement of the infectious waste. Realizing this, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India notified the rules, called Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998, which has come into force since July 27,1998.

Bio-medical waste from hospitals, nursing home and other health centers composed of variety of wastes like hypodermic needles, scalpels blades, surgical cottons, gloves, bandages, clothes, discarded medicine, blood and body fluids, human tissues and organs, radio-active substances and chemicals etc. This area of waste management is grossly neglected.

The situation of bio medical waste management in entire north zone is pathetic. In Punjab a common facility has been developed to cater to the cities of Ludhiana, Jallandhur, Patiala and Amritsar. In Haryana clearance have been given for a common facilities, which however is yet to be developed. In H.P out of total 10 incinerators installed one each at Shimla and Paonta Sahib is also working as common incinerators for the hospitals in that region. In U.P. only 5 common facilities have been so far developed and few more are in process.

The common facilities at Ludhiana in Punjab and in Kanpur are comprehensive as stipulated in the Act but at other places common facilities are mainly having incinerators as treatment facility. Segregation is the most neglected aspect and progress on this part paint dismal picture.

In order to effectively implement the bio-medical waste management rules a comprehensive survey and monitoring was undertaken at various hospitals in Uttar Pradesh. In all thirty-three medical establishments were inspected and monitoring conducted for incinerators which are installed as per norms.

Status of incinerators in individual medical establishments and common facilities are as below:

Single chamber incinerators : 10

Double chambered incinerators with

Inadequate stack height : 07

Incinerators installed but not commissioned : 04

Bhatti type facilities : 04

Observations

• The segregation of waste in almost all hospitals is not satisfactory.
• Colour coding for various categories of waste is not followed.
• The storage of bio-medical waste is not in isolated area and proper hygiene is not maintained.
• Personal protective equipment and accessories are not provided.
• Most of the hospitals do not have proper waste treatment and disposal facilities. In the cities where common treatment facilities have come up, many medical establishments are yet to join the common facility.
• Emission monitoring of five incinerators indicated that they do not meet the emission norms.
• Most of the incinerators are not properly operated and maintained, resulting in poor performance.
• Sometimes plastics are also incinerated leading to possible emission of harmful gases.
• Several hospitals have not applied to State Pollution Control Board for authorization under the rules.
• General awareness among the hospital staff regarding bio-medical waste is lacking.

Recommendations and Follow-up

• All health care facilities generating Bio-medical waste shall strictly ensure segregation, colour coding and other provisions of Bio-medical waste (Management & Handling) rules, 1998 and amendments thereof.

• Hospitals should apply to state Pollution Control Board for authorization to handle and treat the waste.

• Incinerators, which do not conform the design & emission norms as per rules, must be modified and air pollution control system may be retrofitted to minimize the emission level.

• The operator should ensure proper O&M of incinerator through attainment of required temperature in both the chambers, regular operation of the incinerator, proper maintenance of the logbook and storage of the waste in isolated area, plastic incineration should not be undertaken.

• Proper training and personal safety equipment / accessories should be provided to waste handling staff.

• Records of waste generation, treatment and disposal should be maintained by the hospital.

• Steps should be taken to set up common bio waste treatment facility in each city/town with strict monitoring of these facilities by regulatory agency and individual facilities should be discouraged. This is on account of the fact that improper operation may lead to increase in air pollution problem. Better siting, management and monitoring is possible in common facilities only.

• The amounts changeable for the waste in most of the common facilities are for below the minimum O&M cost. This needs to be rationalized else it may lead to non-operation of facilities.

• Various regulatory agencies, Hospitals, Medical Association & Municipal Corporation should work together for proper management of Bio-medical waste in the cities/towns.

Action has been initiated against 3 medical colleges (KGMC, Lucknow, GSVM, Kanpur and JLN Medical College, Aligarh) for having bed capacities more than 1000 but do not manage the bio-medical waste as per rules. Steps are also being taken against other hospitals, which do not follow the rules and operate the incinerators, to meet the emission norms.

A project on ‘Model Segregation Practices’ was also completed in Vivekanand Polyclinic, Lucknow and in Govt. Medical College Jammu for practical demonstration of segregation of bio-medical waste in bio-medical waste management.

Bio-medical Waste Management in Himachal Pradesh

The Himachal Pradesh State Environment Protection & Pollution Control Board has conducted study in major hospitals. It has been decided to set up the demonstration model named Dr. Rajinder Prasad Govt. Medical college & Hospital at Dharmshala with following objectives;

• Assessment of existing waste management practices.
• Classification, quantification & characterization of waste streams.


The hospital is having 258 beds and equipped with all the medical facilities like Emergency, Maternity, Gynecology & Child wards, ENT Deptt., Surgical, Orthopaediatric, OPD, Blood Bank and other radiological facilities. The quantity of bio-medical waste generation is estimated to be 100 kg/day (Fig 14.1). Besides this 30 lit./day of liquid waste is being generated from washing of laboratories and kitchen. As per the data, per bed waste generation is estimated as 380 gm/day. Major contribution is from disposable, waste sharp and soiled waste. The following methods are adopted in the hospital;

• Provisions of needle destroyer in some wards. Discarded needles and syringes are rarely destroyed and disinfected.
• The transportation of waste by hand lifting in the bins or gunny bags.
• Final treatment of waste by incineration.

Lack of awareness amongst the hospital staff including doctors towards the segregation of infectious waste is one of the main reasons for mismanagement of Bio-medical waste in the hospital. Mass awareness programme for management of bio-medical waste should be carried out at regular interval.






14.5 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

Identification of Hazardous Waste Streams, their Characterisation and Waste Minimisation Options in various Industrial Sectors.

CPCB has undertaken the project on Identification of Hazardous Wastes in different industrial sectors/processes. The selected sectors for such study are Petrochemical, Pesticides, Dye & Dye Intermediates and Bulk Drugs & Pharmaceutical. The objective of the study is to identify various hazardous waste streams generated from unit operations during production, estimation of hazardous waste generation per tonne of product, characterisation of hazardous waste streams and possible options of waste reduction/recovery and recycling. The study on Petrochemical sector has already been reported. During the year 2002-2003, a study for Dyes & Dye Intermediate sector has been completed. The findings, in terms of product-wise hazardous waste streams identified in Dyes & Dye intermediate sector are given in Table 1 and quantity of hazardous waste generation and waste quantity suitable for land disposable incineration are given in Fig 14.2. An attempt has also been made to suggest waste minimisation and disposal options. The product-wise waste minimisation and disposal options are given in Table 14.4 to 14.6.

Table 14.4: Product-wise Waste Streams identified in Dyes & Dye Intermediate Sector

S. No.	Class	Dyes & Dye intermediate	Waste stream
	Dyes:
1.	Reactive dye	Reactive Red 141	Clarifier sludge
			ETP sludge
		Reactive Yellow 145	Clarifier sludge
2.	Acid dye	Ink Blue	Distillation residue
			Gypsum sludge
			ETP sludge
3.	Pigment	Copper phthalocyanine green	ETP sludge
4.	Disperse dye	Disperse Blue 165	Distillation tar
			ETP Sludge
		Dispergator FNA	Gypsum sludge
5.	Vat dye	Dark Blue BO	Naphthalene bearing cake
			ETP Sludge
		Blue RSN	ETP Sludge
6.	Metal complex dye	Copper phthalocyanine	ETP primary sludge
	Dye Intermediates :
7.	Gamma acid	-	ETP sludge
8.	Tobias acid	-	Gypsum cake
			ETP sludge
9.	Derivatives of metanilic acid	6-chloro metanilic acid	Gypsum sludge
			Iron sludge
10.	b naphthol		Sulphone sludge
			b Naphthol pitch
			ETP sludge
11.	Resorcinol		Sodium sulphate
			Distillation tar
			ETP sludge
12.	Derivatives of anthraquinone	Anthraquinone -1-sulphonic acid sodium salt	HgS paste
			Al (OH)3
			ETP sludge
		Anthraquione-1-sulphonic acid ammonium salt	Amalgum
			ETP sludge

 



Table 14.5 : Product-wise suggested waste minimization Options
in Dyes & Dye Intermediate Sector

S. No.	Class	Dye and Dye Intermediate	Present practice / Status			Waste minimization measures
	Dyes :
1.	Reactive dyes	Reactive Red 141		Salting out of mono-azo dye	Use of spray drying of mono-azo dye instead of salting out, to eliminate liquid effluent and load on ETP.
				Carry over of liquid particles with CO2	Separator on reactor vent to stop carry over of liquid droplets and loss of material.
				No washing of clarifier sludge	Effective washing of clarifier sludge to make it free of retained product.
		Reactive Yellow 145		Lower yield of product	Optimization of process parameters to minimize formation of isomeric dyes and loss of product.
				Carry over of liquid droplets with CO2	Separator on reactor vent to stop carry over of liquid droplets and loss of material.
				No washing of clarifier sludge	Effective washing of clarifier sludge to make it free of retained product.
2.	Acid dye	Ink Blue		Lower yield of product	Optimization of process to minimize formation of side products and to avoid loss of material.
				Excess of sulphuric acid in sulphonation	Optimization of quantity of sulphuric acid used to minimize generation of gypsum sludge and loss of retained liquid.
3.	Pigments	Copper phthalocyanine (CPC) α-Blue		Loss of product in effluent	Optimization of parameters such as strength of sulphuric acid, temperature and quality of wash water to minimize loss of CPC in dissolved form.
				Huge consumption of water for washing	Effective washing of cake to minimize quantity of wash water and thereby minimise the liquid effluent.
				1% product lost in dust	Use of effective dust collectors to arrest fine dust of CPC going in the air.

		Copper phthalocyanine Green		Huge consumption of water for washing	Use of efficient filtration to achieve washing with minimum wash water.
				Carryover of liquid droplets with HCl	Use of entrainment separator on gas vent to stop loss of liquid particles.
				Loss of product in vent of pulveriser	Efficient dust collectors to arrest loss of fine dust of CPC Green going in the air.
4.	Disperse dyes	Disperse Blue 165		Use of large excess of sodium cuprous cyanide	Optimization of quantity of cuprous cyanide used to reduce cyanides in the effluent.
				Formation of bromo cyano side products	Optimization of process parameters to minimize generation of bromo cyano side products and its loss in liquid effluent.
		Dispergator FNA		Excess of sulphuric acid in sulphonation	Optimization of quantity of sulphuric acid to minimize lime requirement, generation of gypsum cake and loss of retained organics.
				Carry over of liquid droplets along with CO2	Use of separator on gas vent to stop carry over of liquid particles and loss of material.
				Excess of formalin in condensation	There is a scope to reduce formalin input.
5.	Vat dyes	Dark Blue BO		Overall yield about 65%	Optimization of process to minimize side products.
				Naphthalene as a medium	Use of ethyl scellusolve in place of naphthalene.
				Conventional filtration	Washing of cake to minimize quantity of wash water and retained liquids.
				Loss of naphthalene as vapors	Naphthalene trap on vent to arrest naphthalene vapors going out in atmosphere.
				Carry over of liquid droplets in vent.	Use of separator on vent line to stop carry over of liquid particles.
		Blue RSN		Overall yield is about 50%	Better process control to minimize side products.
				Conventional filtration	Effective washing to minimize wash water and retained material in cake.

			Carryover of liquid droplet in vent	Use of separator on vent line to stop carry over of liquid particles.
			Loss of product in dryer vent	Use of dust collector on exhaust of dryer.
6.	Metal complex	Copper phthalocyanine	Overall yield low based on urea	Process optimization for reducing the formation of side products.
			Large quantity of sulphuric acid used for acidic treatment	Optimization of acid input and thereby minimization of requirement of lime and generation of ETP sludge.
			Conventional filtration	Effective filtration to minimize wash water and liquid retained in cake.
	Dye Intermediate :
7.	Gamma acid	-	Formation of other isomers	Process optimization to improve yield of Gamma acid and reduce quantity of unreacted G-Salt and isomeric products going in effluent.
			Excess of acid and alkali in alkali fusion and isolation	Reduction in quantities of alkali and acid used in alkali fusion and acidification and thereby reducing load of inorganic in effluent.
			Excess of NH3 solution in reaction	There is a scope to reduce input of NH3 solution
8.	Tobias acid	-	Formation of side products	Optimization of process to get maximum conversions of oxy-Tobias acid and intermediates to Tobias acid and minimization of loss in effluent.
			Sodium salts go in liquid effluent	Process control to ensure maximum conversion of ammonium salts to calcium salts so as to reduce formation of sodium salts going in liquid effluent.
			Conventional filtration of gypsum	Effective washing of gypsum cake to minimize wash water and retained liquid in cake.

9.	Derivatives of metanilic acid	6-Chloro metanilic acid	Sulphonation by oleum	Sulphonation by liquid SO3 will drastically reduce generation of gypsum sludge.
			Iron-acid reduction	Catalytic hydrogenation in place of iron-acid reduction will totally eliminate generation of iron sludge.
			Use of excess of alkali and acid for neutralization	There is scope to reduce consumptions of caustic soda in neutralization and sulphuric acid in acidification.
10.	Beta naphthol	-	Process generates sulphone	Development of better process to eliminate formation of sulphone.
			Lower recovery of product in distillation	Distillation of beta-naphthol at higher vacuum and lower temperature to eliminate loss of beta-nepthol.
			Inefficient layer separation	Use of proper layer separation to minimize loss of product and solvent.
			Conventional filtration	Effective washing of crude Beta naphthol to minimum wash water generation.
			Excess of acid and alkali for neutralization	There is a scope to reduce quantities of sulphuric acid and caustic soda.
11.	Resorcinol	-	Overall yield about 65%	Process optimization to reduce formation of side products.
			Lower recovery of Resorcinol in distillation	Distillation at higher vacuum and lower temperature to minimize thermal degradation and formation of tar.
			Inefficient layer separation	Use of proper layer separation, to minimize loss of solvent and product in aqueous layer.
			Excess of acid and alkali for neutralization	There is a scope to reduce input of sulphuric acid and neutralizing alkali.

12.	Anthraquinone derivatives	Anthraquinone-1- sulphonic acid sodium salt	Lower overall yield	Optimization of process to minimize formation of side products.
			Inefficient layer separation	Use of layer separation to minimize loss of solvent benzene and product in aqueous effluent.
			Process uses HgO as catalyst and recovery of HgS in low	Improving recovery of HgS to minimize its loss in effluent. Alternatively development of a process which does not use mercury as catalyst.
		Anthraquinone-1- sulphonic acid ammonium salt	Carry over of liquid droplets in vent.	Use of separator to stop carry over of liquid particles with vent gases.
			Conventional filtration	Effective washing which minimizes requirement of wash water.
			Number of side products formed	Optimization of present process to minimize formation of side products.
			Process uses mercury as catalyst	Alternatively developing a process which does not use mercury as catalyst.



Table 14.6 : Disposal of Hazardous Waste in Dyes & Dye Intermediate Sector

S. N.	Dye/Dye intermediate		Waste stream	Present treatment and disposal practice	Recommendations
	Dyes :
1.	Reactive dye	Reactive Red 141	Clarifier sludge	Mixed with liquid effluent and sent to ETP.	Give effective washing to sludge to minimize loss of product and retained organics. Washed cake may be directly sent for SLF.
			ETP sludge	Sent to TSDF.	Secure land fill facility
		Reactive Yellow 145	Clarifier sludge	Mixed with liquid effluent and sent to ETP.	Give effective washing to sludge to minimize loss of product and retained organics. Washed cake may be directly sent for SLF.

2.	Acid dye	Ink Blue	Distillation residue	Residue is incinerated and incinerator ash sent to CTSDF.	Incineration, Ash for land disposal
			Gypsum sludge	Sent for land filling.	Give effective washing to minimize retained organics. Sell gypsum to cement manufacturers.
			ETP sludge	Sent for land filling.	Secure landfill facility
3.	Pigment	Copper phthalo-cyanine alpha blue	Liquid effluent	Sent to CETP.	Ensure removal of Cu before waste goes to CETP.
		Copper phthalo-cyanine green	ETP sludge	Sent to CTSDF.	Secure landfill Facility
4.	Disperse dye	Disperse Blue 165	Distillation tar	Tar is incinerated and incinerator ash is sent to TSDF.	Incineration followed by landfill disposal of ash.
			ETP Sludge	Sent to CTSDF	Incineration followed by disposal of ash into landfill.
		Dispergator FNA	Gypsum sludge	-	Give effective wash to gypsum sludge. Sell gypsum sludge to cement manufacturers.
5.	Vat dye	Dark Blue BO	Naphthalene bearing cake	Sold.	Process needs to be developed for recovery of naphthalene from cake.
			ETP Sludge	Sent for land filling.	Secure landfill facility
		Blue RSN	ETP Sludge	Sent for land filling.	Secure landfill facility
6.	Metal complex dye	Copper phthalocyanine	ETP primary sludge	Sent for land filling.	Secure landfill facility
			Primary treated effluent	Sent to CETP.	Ensure removal of Cu before it goes to CETP.

	Dye Intermediate:
7.	Gamma acid		ETP sludge	Sent for land filling.	Secure landfill facility
8.	Tobias acid		Gypsum cake	-	Give effective wash to gypsum sludge. Sell gypsum sludge to cement manufacturers.
			ETP sludge	Sent for land filling.	Secure landfill facility
9.	Derivatives of metanilic acid	6-chloro metanilic acid	Gypsum sludge	Sent to CTSDF.	Give effective wash to gypsum sludge. Sell gypsum sludge to cement manufacturers.
			Iron sludge	Sent to CTSDF.	Replace iron-acid reduction by catalytic hydrogenation or recover iron oxide pigment from iron sludge.
10.	b naphthol		Sulphone sludge	Sludge is incinerated and incinerator ash is sent for land filling.	Explore possibility of recovering sulphone from sulphone sludge.
			b - Naphthol pitch	Pitch is incinerated, Incinerator ash is sent for land filling.	Incineration and ash to Secured Landfill
			ETP sludge	Sent for land filling.	Secure landfill facility
11.	Resorcinol		Sodium sulphite	Sold..	Give thorough washing to make it free of toxic compounds.
			Glauber salt	Sold.	Give thorough washing to make it free of toxic compounds.
			Sodium sulphate	Sent for land filling.	Purify and recover sodium sulphate.

			Distillation tar	Tar is incinerated. Incinerator ash is land filled.	Incineration and ash for secured landfill.
			ETP sludge	Sent for land filling.	Secure landfill facility
12.	Derivatives of anthraquinone	Anthraquinone -1-sulphonic acid sodium salt	HgS paste	Sold to outside party.	Explore recovery of mercury
			Al (OH)3	Sent for land filling.	Develop process for recovering pure Al(OH)3.
			ETP sludge	Sent for land filling.	Secure landfill facility.
		Anthraquione -1-sulphonic acid ammonium salt	Amalgum	Stored.	Explore recovery of mercury.
			ETP sludge	Sent for land filling,	Secure landfill facility





Criteria for Disposal of Hazardous Waste and Leachate Standards for Secured Landfill Facilities

According to Schedule 4 of the Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989, as amended in 2000, one of the responsibility of CPCB is to recommend standards for treatment & disposal of waste and leachate. In view of this, CPCB has conducted a study on the detail "Criteria for Disposal of Hazardous Waste, Leachate Standards for Secured Landfill Facilities and Guidelines for Leachate Collection, Treatment & its Safe Disposal".

The criteria developed for hazardous waste disposal and the guidelines for leachate collection, treatment & disposal options including leachate standards were discussed and finalised by the Sub Committee constituted by CPCB. The hazardous waste disposal criteria and the leachate standards approved by the Board are presented in Table 14.7.

Table 14.7 : Recommended Criteria for Hazardous Waste Disposal
into Secured Landfill (SLF)

Leachate Quality*	Concentration
pH	4-12
Total Phenols	<100 mg/l
Arsenic	<1 mg/l
Lead	<2 mg/l
Cadmium	<0.2 mg/l
Chromium-VI	<0.5 mg/l
Copper	<10 mg/l
Nickel	<3 mg/l
Mercury	<0.1 mg/l
Zinc	<10 mg/l
Fluoride	<50 mg/l
Ammonia	<1,000 mg/l
Cyanide	<2 mg/l
Nitrate	<30 mg/l
Absorbable organic bound chlorine	<3 mg/l
Water soluble compounds except salts	<10 %
Strength
Transversal Strength (Vane Testing)	>25 KN/m2
Unconfined Compression Test	>50 KN/m2
Axial Deformation	<20 %
Degree of Mineralisation or Content of Organic Materials (original sample)
Annealing loss of the dry residue at 550o C	<20 Wt. % (for non-biodegradable waste) <5 Wt. % (for biodegradable waste)
Extractable Lipophlic contents (Oil & Grease)	<4 Wt. %

* Leachate quality is based on "Water Leach Test".

Proposed Leachate Disposal Standards:

General standards for effluent as notified under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 will be applicable for disposal of leachate to STP, CETP, and Inland Surface Water or Marine coastal areas including following additional parameters (Table 14.8):

Table 14.8: Proposed Leachate Disposal Standards for Secured Landfill Facilities

Sl. No.	Parameter	Standards (mg/l)
		Inland Surface water	STP	CETP See note-1	Marine coastal areas
Additional Parameters Recommended
1.	AOX	0.5	--	--	0.5
2.	PAH (each)	0.059	--	--	0.059
3.	Benzene	0.14	--	--	0.14
4.	Toluene	0.08	--	--	0.08
5.	Xylene (sum of o, m, p-xylene)	0.32	--	--	0.32





Note : 1. For each CETP and its constituent units, the State Pollution Control Board will prescribe standards as per the local needs and conditions; these standards can be more stringent than those prescribed above.

2. Bioassay test may be substituted by Fish Toxicity test and a dilution factor 2 may be considered

Environmental Management in Caustic Soda Industry

In India, caustic soda is mainly produced by mercury cell and membrane cell processes. At present, about 70% of capacity utilization of caustic soda is achieved by membrane cell process and remaining by mercury cell process. Presently, there are 10 plants fully based on mercury cell process, 6 plants are partially based on mercury cell process, and 19 plants are fully based on membrane cell technology.

Though the existing caustic soda plants are complying with the liquid effluent and gaseous emission standards, it is observed that the consumption of mercury and its release through products, brine sludges and cell house ventilation gas are high. Therefore, in order to minimize release of mercury through various sources, various measures are proposed and the same were discussed with the industry representatives and Alkali Manufacturers Association in a National Seminar on "Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP)" held in March 2003. Various actions agreed by the industry in the said CREP for minimisation of mercury pollution from caustic soda industry, are as follow:

• Complete recycling of mercury bearing effluent by December 2003
• Installation of continuous on-line mercury analyzer by June 2003
• Treatment of cell-room ventilation gas – limit for mercury not to exceed 1 gm/t of product by December 2005
• De-mercerization of caustic soda & limit for mercury in caustic soda at 0.1 gm/t of product by December 2004
• Reduction of mercury in H₂ gas at 0.5 gm/t by December 2004
• Installation of common full-fledged salt washery unit at source by December 2003
• Capping of existing completed disposal sites by June 2004 (Action plan to be submitted by June 2003)
• Installation of mercury distillation units by June 2003
• Brine sludge treatment and water leachable mercury content in brine mud at < 0.1 mg/l before disposal in Secured Landfill
• Reduction of mercury consumption at < 50 gm/t of product by December 2005.
• Total mercury release to environment at < 2.0 gm/t of product by December 2005.
• The mercury cell plants will switch over to membrane cell technology in a time bound manner for which action plan will be prepared by respective plants within six months
• Industry to submit action plan covering the pollutional and safety aspects for Cl₂ handling to prevent any accident / release of Cl₂, within three months.

Inventory of Hazardous Waste Management Facilities in Maharastra

The CPCB western zonal office had taken up project on inventory of hazardous waste management facilities in Maharastra. Considering the large area of extent, the detailed questionnaire was prepared to collect the dry data through the Regional and Sub-regional Offices of Maharastra Pollution Control Board. In addition, field visits were also carried out to collect the information on general status of hazardous waste management practices adopted by the industries as well as in industrial estates. As such there was no common secured landfill site exists in the State. However, in recent past the MIDC has developed one site at Taloja. But still the hazardous waste is either being stored by the industries in their own premises or dumped in a haphazard manner in industrial estates. There are six other potential sites identified by the MIDC and they are under different stages of development.

Inventorisation of Hazardous Waste Generation in Orissa:

Orissa State Pollution Control Board in consultation with CPCB has under taken the study on "Inventorisation of Hazardous Waste Generation in Orissa State" in the light of Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Amendment Rules, 2000. Main aim of the study is to 1) identify hazardous waste generating units, 2) to categorise waste as per the amended rules, 3) to quantify hazardous waste generation and 4) to assess the present method of collection, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous waste in the State of Orissa. The distribution of small, medium and large scale industries is given in Figure 14.3.



The sector-wise quantification of hazardous waste generation are given in Fig 14.4.


Figure 14.4 : Sector-wise Quantification of Hazardous Waste Generation in Orissa.


14.6 SPATIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING (ZONING ATLAS PROJECT)

State-wise Mapping of Environmentally Sensitive Zones and Industrial Sites

The activity on Mapping of Environmentally Sensitive Zones and Industrial Sites aims at presenting information on environmentally sensitive zones, viz. national parks, reserved forests, protected forests etc. and industrial sites, state-wise, in the form of maps (1:1 M scale).

So far, the work has been completed for the 18 States of Bihar, Meghalaya, Kerala, Goa, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Assam, Manipur, Maharashtra, Jammu & Kashmir, Chhattisgarh,Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal West Bengal and Tamil Nadu and the work is n progress for Rajasthan and Punjab.

Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries

The District-wise Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries, zones and classifies the environment in a District and presents the pollution receiving potential of various sites/zones in the District and the possible alternate sites for industries, through easy-to-read maps (1:2,50,000 scale). These studies have been taken up to help overcome the existing problems of improper siting of industries and industrial estates and incompatible land use, lack of proper treatment and disposal facilities for wastes and to minimise risks on the surrounding environment. The studies help in identifying areas to be avoided for siting of industries and to find out alternate sites/zones that may be considered for siting of industries. These are helpful to the industrial entrepreneur in selecting sites that are environmentally sound, the regulatory authorities in issuing environmental clearances, the Government in taking policy decisions on industrial siting and the public in knowing the type of industrial development in advance. The studies, thus, help decision making on site clearance transparent, faster and reliable.

Work for 84 Districts was completed earlier. Work is in progress for 58 Districts in the current year covering twenty-one States and one Union Territory including Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Goa and Union Territory of Pondicherry.

Industrial Estate Planning

In continuation of the Zoning Atlas studies, the Industrial Estate Planning studies are taken up at a micro-level (1:50,000 and lower) to identify the sites for industrial estates, to suggest waste disposal points and to provide suggestions on control of surrounding land uses.

The studies are helpful to the industrial estate developers and the industries departments in properly locating the industrial estates and in planning the needed pollution abatement infrastructure and disposal facilities. So far, the studies have been completed for twelve sites as below:

State	District
Andhra Pradesh	East Godavari
Bihar	East Singhbhum
Gujarat	Amreli
Himachal Pradesh	Solan
Kerala	Palakkad
Madhya Pradesh	Sagar
Meghalaya	Ri-Bhoi
Orissa	Undivided Cuttack
Punjab	Ludhiana
Tripura	North Tripura
Uttar Pradesh	Bulandshahr
West Bengal	Bankura




In respect of the sites of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Meghalaya, the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) has cleared the reports in-principle and sent to the respective State Pollution Control Boards for follow-up with the concerned departments for identifying the exact location of the sites, pollution abatement infrastructure etc.

In addition, the reports are in final stages for the following sites:

State	District
Karnataka	Mysore
Manipur	Imphal
Rajasthan	Alwar (Tijara Sub-division)





The studies are in progress in respect of the following:

State	Site/District
Andhra Pradesh	Hyderabad-Vijayawada Corridor – Site-1
Andhra Pradesh	Hyderabad-Vijayawada Corridor – Site-2
Gujarat	Padra, Vadodara District
Himachal Pradesh	Poanta Sahib
Orissa	Raygadh
Meghalaya	Smit Nongkrem
Meghalaya	Umryndang




In addition, the reports are in final stages for four sites and studies are in progress for 13 sites. Also, CPCB submitted a proposal to the Ministry (MoEF) to make environmental clearance mandatory for setting p industrial estates, which is under consideration.

It is also contemplated to develop Eco-industrial Estates in the country in order to ensure proper siting of industrial estates, planning of the pollution abatement infrastructure and regulating development around these sites. Preparatory work in this regard has commenced.

Regional Planning Studies

In continuation of the District-wise Zoning Atlas studies, pilot studies on Regional Planning were taken up for Jalpaiguri District of West Bengal and the entire State of Tripura. These Studies are for demonstrating the utility of environmental planning tools for achieving sustainable development of the District/Region/State harmonising social, economic and environmental needs through appropriate planning and management of land and its resources. The studies for Jalpaiguri and Tripura have been completed and the reports are under finalisation.

Environmental Management Plans for Urban Areas

The activity on Environmental Management Plans (EMP) for Urban Areas is targeted to provide planning solutions for the urban areas where in the problems are becoming complex and the environmental risks are increasing. The overall objective of the study is to identify measures for improvement of environmental quality in cities and ensure that the environmental risks from various developmental activities are minimized and the development/siting of further activities take place in an environmentally sound manner.

Subsequent to the Kanpur study, the EMP study on Agra was taken up by CPCB in 2000, which has been completed, and priority projects identified. Preparation of similar EMPs has been completed for Indore, TTZ, Bhubaneshwar, and Chennai.

Environmental Management Plan for Mining Areas

Similar to the preparation of environmental management plans taken up for urban areas, studies were also taken up for mining areas including Korba coal mining area (Chhattisgarh), Dhanbad coal mining area (Bihar) and Satna limestone belt (Madhya Pradesh). The studies for Korba and Satna are completed and the reports are under finalization.

Environmental Management Plans for Tourism Areas

Similar to the preparation of environmental management plans taken up for urban areas, studies were also taken up for tourism areas including Bakel Fort (Kerala) and Macleodganj (Himachal Pradesh). The report of Macleodganj is complete and under finalization.

Environmental Management Plan for Environmentally Fragile Areas

Similar to the preparation of environmental management plans taken up for urban areas, studies were taken up for Panchmarhi Biosphere Reserve located in Madhya Pradesh, which is an environmentally fragile area. The study has been completed and the report is under finalisation.A study on Environmental Information System of Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve has been taken up to provide information on environmentally fragile areas. The study is in advance stage of completion.

Mapping of Polluting Industries

This pilot study has been taken up with an objective to create an inventory of industries in the State of West Bengal in GIS environment to facilitate decision-making on prevention and control of pollution in industries. The study is in advance stage of completion.

Ecocity Programme

Under the 10th plan, the Ecocities programme is being extended to small and medium towns in the country. The programme is aimed at bringing in verifiable environmental improvement through execution of identified projects. The work has commenced for launching the project in Mathura (Uttar Pradesh), Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh), Puri (Orissa), Vapi (Gujrat), Thanjavour (Tamil Nadu), Rishikesh (Uttaranchal), Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh), Shillong (Meghalaya), Kottayam (Kerala) and Vrindavan (Uttar Pradesh).

Taj Eco City project Study

The Taj Eco City covers an area of 30 sq. km in the periphery of the Taj. The primary objective of the study being to improve the overall living conditions in the city. This would be achieved by developing a mechanism to trigger a resource utility pattern for sustainable urban development by introducing aesthetically appeasing elements with strong economic potential into the urban micro region. The results will thus, be visible and can be easily replicated to other parts of the city as well as to other urban areas. GTZ is consultation with CPCB prepared a pre-feasibility report for the designing of the Taj Eco City. The study was undertaken in three parts:

• A brief presentation on the present situation
• The development of the Master Plan
• The assessment of the proposals

The study stresses on the fact that tourism should never dominate the economic structure of the city, but should remain an important part of it. In Agra though tourism is an important part of the economy, in addition the city does support a large number of trade and commercial activities along with industries, which need to be given due importance in the planning process.

Taj Trapezium Zone

The 10,400 sq km region covered under the Taj Trapezium Zone has been categorised as a sensitive zone as early as 1983 due to the existence of as many as four world Heritage Sites. However, no comprehensive study had ever been done for the region. This is the first study of its kind, which aimed at compiling baseline information for this spatial unit in a uniform format. It focuses on identifying the potential of this region, spanning over six districts (five in Uttar Pradesh and one in Rajasthan).

Some important urban centres in the States come under the Taj Trapezium Zone, namely Agra, Firozabad, Mathura, Bharatpur, Jalesar and Hathras. These are the primary growth centres of the region, influencing not only the regional economy but also the environment. The continuing uncontrolled development has had detrimental environmental effects, creating a mandatory situation, calling for a scientific enquiry for the identification of alternative economic pathways that would give sustainable solutions negating adverse environmental impacts.

The sensitive nature of the region calls for non-polluting economic activities. The study tries to focus on alternative economy enhancing activities. The rich cultural and natural heritages have been recognised by the study as instruments for leveraging the regional economy through tourism. The region also boasts of one of the most fertile lands in the country. Agriculture thus is a dominant income generator in the region, the study gives broad solutions for enhancing the agricultural productivity in the region.

The study is a comprehensive analysis not only of the status of the physical infrastructure but also the natural constraints such as the semi-arid nature of the area and the arising problems, giving broad solutions.

Urban Environmental Information System

The programme urban environmental information system (Urb-Envis) is targeted to provide information in the form of a local environmental report to be prepared by the Municipality on the status of socio-economics, development and environment. The main purpose of the Urb-Envis is to:

• sensitize politicians and administration on local environmental problems and improvements needed
• inform people of the local environmental situation and improvements achieved from year to year
• help identify key environmental issues
• undertake detailed studies such as preparation of Environmental Management Plans and other environmental assessments and prepare Action Plans for implementation of measures
• help the politicians/elected members project their good deeds towards environmental improvement
• bring in internal competition among the different wards of the Municipality and among various cities/towns for improving environment.

The programme is expected to bring awareness and develop local dynamics and demands for environmental improvement. Under the programme, a bi-annual public report will be brought out detailing the status of environment and also the detailed information will be placed on the website which will be updated and maintained by the participating municipalities. The municipalities will be locally supported by state pollution control boards and centrally coordinated by CPCB.

The programme will be extended in the 1^st Phase to the following volunteering Municipalities:

1. Indore Municipal Corporation
2. Bhubaneshwar Municipal Corporation
3. Municipal Corporation of Chennai
4. Agartala Municipal Council
5. Guntur Municipal Corporation
6. Agra Nagar Nigam
7. Kanpur Nagar Nigam
8. Kottayam Municipal Council
9. Patna Municipal Corporation

A memorandum of understanding (MoU) has been entered into with the municipalities, concerned State Pollution Control Boards and CPCB.

Urban ENVIS at Agra

The Central Pollution Control Board has initiated the Urban-ENVIS report of one of its Project areas: Agra. The preliminary data collection from routine monitoring and surveys has been completed and the technical know-how on the required work has been provided to UPPCB and the Agra Nagar Nigam to further carry out the work. The Agra Nagar Nigam in turn is in the process of identifying a key coordinator as well as forming the core group incharge for preparing the report. The regular follow-ups being made keeping its role as an advisory facilitator, responsible for the planning, development, coordination and overseeing the execution.

Human Resource Development

A comprehensive human resource development programme has been undertaken with the support of InWEnt, Germany (on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany) for catering to various target groups relevant to spatial environmental planning in India. A MoU was executed with various training institutions in India for undertaking the identified training programs and spatial environmental planning network (SEP-Net) has been formed with these institutions for execution of the programme.

The significant achievements of the HRD Programme are given below:

 

1. Teams in the SPCBs of Bihar, HP, Gujarat, Orissa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, EPTRI fully trained on GIS
2. Several awareness programmes and workshops were conducted.
3. Overseas training in Germany for two teams from CPCB/SPCBs/MoEF/training institutions/development authority etc. were conducted. The teams included officers working at middle as well as senior levels.
4. SEP-Net was formed with 9 training institutions for conduct of courses. A logo for the HRDP and a brochure were developed. A website on the programme (www.cpcb-hrdp.com) was launched.
5. MoU was signed by CPCB with all the training institutions. 1
6. 3 training programmes has so far been conducted with SEP-Net.

8. Quality Assurance manual has been developed with the help of CDG’s experts.
9. The course evaluation methods were worked out and tested.

Infrastructure Strengthening

Several actions were taken to strengthen the infrastructure at CPCB and in the state pollution control boards. Efforts were put in to create exemplary working environment and latest equipment to produce reliable outputs. Major achievements in infrastructure strengthening are given below:

1. The Zoning Atlas Unit at CPCB was upgraded to a Centre for Spatial Environmental Planning in December 2000. The Centre has full-fledged GIS facilities and infrastructure. It is also now proposed to construct a new building at the premises of CPCB.

2. A model Centre was constructed at Himachal Pradesh State Environmental Protection and Pollution control Board with GTZ support based on CPCB design inputs. A similar centre was also constructed at Maharashtra Pollution Control Board. Designs for Centres also provided by CPCB to Orissa and Bihar State Pollution Control Boards.
3. High end PC, Printer, colour printer cum copier, UPS, CD writer, LCD Projector, Internet connection, digitiser, plotter and GIS softwares (Arc Info, Arc View) were installed in different State Pollution Control Boards and executing agencies involved in the project.

14.7 TECHNICAL AND FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FOR INSTALLATION OF DEMONSTRATIVE ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING (RWH) SYSTEMS IN SPCBS

With a view to demonstrate the ease of practicing rooftop rainwater harvesting for management of water resources, the Central Board has initiated a scheme for financing up to Rs.2.50 lakh for State Pollution Control Boards/ Pollution Control Committees for installation of RWH systems in their own premises. During the financial year, technical and financial assistance for installation of demonstrative rooftop rainwater harvesting systems was provided to the following State Pollution Control Boards:

1. Assam SPCB – in the premises of their headquarters at Guwahati
2. Chattisgarh ECB – in Regional Office buildings at Bilaspur and Jagdalpur
3. UPPCB – in the premises of Regional Office, Kanpur
4. APPCB – in the premises of upcoming headquarters and laboratory building in Hyderabad
5. Kerala SPCB – in the premises of their Regional Office, Ernakulam

14.8 EVALUATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND MANAGEMENT PERFORMANCE OF CETPS

The Ministry of Environment & Forests, GOI, has so far approved 133 Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) projects of which 52 schemes have been completed and operational. The remaining 81 are under various stages of progress. The concept of CETP calls for management of technical, financial and institutional aspects and their inter-relationships to achieve their intended objectives. Few random studies of CETPs have shown mixed results about their performances. In order to develop comprehensive and systematic strategies for the effective functioning of CETPs, a project has been undertaken for a detailed study of performance and management of all the 52 CETPs that are currently operational in the country. The objectives of the project are:

1. Evaluation of the performance of various components of the CETPs including collection, transportation and treatment systems
2. Assessment of performance of various organizational/ management set-ups to identify their merits and drawbacks
3. Development of comprehensive monitoring and management strategies for effective functioning of CETPs under different types of management structure

Field study of the all the CETPs has already been completed. The aspects studied include:

• The unit-wise performance of wastewater treatment plant vis-à-vis design parameters and regulatory requirements
• The operation and maintenance procedures, self-evaluation procedures, shortcomings and reasons thereof, and the improvement plans
• Mode and appropriateness of disposal of treated effluent and sludge
• Organizational aspects such as membership procedures, management structure, division of risks and responsibilities
• Financial aspects such as membership contribution, mechanism for fixing and collection of treatment charges, and procedures for penalties and incentives

Some of the major observations of the study are:

1. A majority of the CETPs has not only the small-scale industries but also medium- and large-scale units as their members.
2. The current average inflow in 41 CETPs is in the range of 25-65% of the design capacity. Only 11 CETPs are currently receiving more than 90% of the design inflow quantity of industrial effluents.
3. None of the CETPs studied are compliant with respect to all the parameters prescribed as standards. This is despite the fact that a majority of them handling much less than design effluent quantities.
4. Energy costs has been reported to be the major component of the O&M cost of the CETPs. In some of States, the CETPs are charged at commercial rates (and not industrial rates) since by definition they are not industries. Almost all CETPs demand that they should be provided electricity at subsidized rates.
5. A majority of the CETPs has been registered as cooperative societies. Some have been registered as limited companies.
6. Where the member units of CETPs are of same category of industries, CETP treatment charges are usually fixed based on the quantity of the raw material processed or effluent generated. In case of mixed type of member industries, charges are based on the concentration of certain parameters identified by CETP management (such as pH, COD and/or TDS).
7. Three types of arrangements for management of CETPs were observed:

1. Plants managed by the CETP Association/ Company formed by the industries
2. Plants managed by private consultants/ contractors – including collection, transportation, calculation of charges, billing and revenue collection on management contract basis
3. Technical operation and maintenance of the hardware and laboratory contracted to private consultants. Billing and collection of treatment charges managed by the CETP Association/ Company.

8. None of the CETP management reported ‘financial crisis’ in operating and maintaining the treatment plant.

14.9 DEMONSTRATION OF HOUSEHOLD MSW COMPOSTING UNIT IN PARIVESH BHAWAN

As a part of the Central Board’s effort to demonstrate and promote decentralized MSW management, an aerobic natural composting system to process segregated kitchen wastes and horticultural wastes and to convert into a rich compost has been installed in Parivesh Bhawan. The capacity of the composting unit is 5 kg/day of kitchen wastes with an equal quantity of horticultural wastes, with a total volume of 3700 litres. The unit comprises a top composting chamber and a bottom maturation chamber. Segregated kitchen wastes are fed to the top chamber. Aeration of the heap is aided through the holes made on the walls of the chamber and also by turning of the contents once in a week. The material is transferred to the bottom chamber after a period of 8-10 weeks and allowed to mature for a period of 3-4 weeks. The mature compost is then taken out and placed in a pit under a soil cover for 4 weeks to take care of any pathogenic contamination. The compost produced is utilized within the Parivesh Bhawan premises. The system is user-friendly and will require minimal routine care on the part of households.

The benefits of adoption of household composting can be understood from the following estimate:

- Quantity of waste generated in Delhi : 6000 MT/day (average)

- Organic/ putrescible fraction estimated : 35%
in MSW of Delhi (mostly kitchen wastes)

- Estimated quantity of MSW that can be : 2100 MT/day
composted at household level

- Assuming only 50% of household adopt : 1050 MT/day
composting of kitchen wastes, quantity of MSW composted

- Quantity of final compost product (at 60%) : 630 MT/day

- Annual value of compost produced : Rs. 56.7 Million/ year
@ Rs.250/ MT of compost

- Savings due to reduction in transportation : Rs. 1.9 Million/ year
(assuming 4 MT/trip, average trip length of
5 Km., and 5 Km/ L of diesel)

Total Economic value of benefits : Rs. 58.6 Million/ year

14.10 INTRODUCTION OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL

Environmental pollution imposes costs on the society. The costs of the products less often reflect the costs borne by the society (cost of damages to the society or social costs) due to pollution caused by the manufacturing/ consumption of the products. The unaccounted costs are referred by economists as ‘external costs’ or simply ‘externalities’. In the case of pollution, the social costs are negative externalities.

Originally, it had been considered that prescribing effluent/ emission standards and enforcing the same through legislations is the strategy to prevent impacts of pollution and hence the negative externalities. This strategy is referred to as the ‘command-and-control (CAC) strategy’. The measures taken under CAC strategy are essentially a set of ‘dos’ and ‘don’ts’ mandating ‘end-of-pipe’ emission/ discharge standards. With increasing array of issues faced in implementing pollution control laws through regulatory approach, there is a growing interest in the Government to adopt alternative frameworks for pollution abatement and environmental protection.

Economic Instruments (EI) are being considered as a viable option to effectively internalize the negative externalities of pollution and also to implement the ‘polluter pays principle’. In simple language, an economic instrument (EI) is a policy tool, which alters the behaviour of economic agents (firms/industries or households) by changing the nature of economic incentives (or disincentives) these agents face. In the context of application of EIs to pollution control, these can be further differentiated as direct and indirect instruments. Direct EIs price and charge the economic agents directly based on the quantity of a natural environmental resource used or pollution generated to induce internalization of the external costs of pollution. Indirect EIs, on the other hand, increase (or, decrease) the prices of inputs or outputs or both of a pollution generating activity of economic agents.

Charging an industry based on the concentration or quantity of BOD in the discharged effluent – pollution charges - is a direct EI, whereas, levying a tax on petrol to control vehicular emissions – eco-taxes - is an indirect EI. EIs would not only help to improve environmental quality in an economically efficient manner, but also generate additional revenues that can be used to support activities related to environmental protection.

The Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), Government of India has constituted a Task Force under the Chairmanship of Special Secretary, MoEF to examine the subject of introduction of economic instruments for prevention and control of industrial pollution in India. As a part of this exercise, CPCB has evaluated all the existing environmental legislations and has made the following recommendations to the Task Force:

1. Nation-wide introduction and implementation of pollution charges/ environment user fees can be done under Water Act, Water Cess Act, and Environment (Protection) Act. However, it will need extensive amendments in these legislations.
2. From among the existing environmental legislations, Water Cess Act, 1977 is more amenable (than Water Act, 1974 and E(P) Act, 1986) for making amendments for introduction of pollution charges for water pollution control, and hence, this Act can be preferred for these purposes.
3. However, it is advisable to come out with a new comprehensive legislation exclusively for the purpose of introduction of environment user fees in all spheres of environmental protection/ pollution control.
4. Before, indulging in a large exercise, Sections 3,6 and 25 of the E(P) Act, 1986 can be used to experiment and evaluate the working of pollution charges through demonstration projects through issue of notifications. Any such notification shall be for a specific period and shall be made applicable for a specified area.

 

14.11 e-GOVERNANCE IN CPCB

Software Development for e-Governance

An application software has been developed for shifting towards e-governance. The software includes modules on public complaints, legal matter, parliament matter, activities of Environmental Surveillance Squad for creating database to help quick analysis and retrieval of information. These modules, after testing and verification, will be made operational. Besides, development of software on budget monitoring and finance & accounts is under progress.

Creation of Environmental Data Bank

Necessary software for creating Environmental Data Bank has been developed. The software is under testing & verification and will be, used for building up database on various environmental components. This would not only make useful information/data available at one place but also on-line for quick & easy access.

Up-gradation of Web Site

CPCB’s website is being continuously upgraded and updated. In order to make present website more interactive, informative and user-friendly, it has been redesigned and new website was launched in March 2003.

Local Area Networking

Internet services alongwith CPCB’s website are made available round the clock. Network and mail services have been made available to all users of CPCB HQ. Use of stationeries viz. paper, floppies etc. has been considerably reduced by making optimum utilization of Local Area Network.

Software Upgradation

Software related to Ambient Air Quality Data Management has been upgraded to accommodate new air quality parameter (RSPM).

12. CESS RELATED MATTER

As per the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), upto 80% of the Cess amount collected by the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) is being reimbursed to SPCBs/ PCCs for meeting their approved expenditure requirements. Twenty per cent of the Cess is retained by the Ministry for undertaking specific projects in any part of the country through Central Pollution Control Board. Such projects being co-ordinated by CPCB are as follows :

	Project	Executing Agency
1	Impact of environmental pollution on eye- An experimental clinical study	All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi
2	Oxidative stress biomarker of aquatic pollution in Indian fish	Department of Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, (Hamdard University), New Delhi
3	An epidemiological study on prevalence of pulmonary and extra pulmonary silicocis in quarry workers: Effect of protective measures and diet supplementations	Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi
4	Drinking water pollution due to fluoride and health hazards in Palam area	Fluorosis Research and Rural Development Foundation, Delhi





CPCB co-ordindated with SPCBs and PCCs and received feed-back on utilization of cess funds including the activities performed and achievements thereunder which includes :

• Inventorization of polluting sources

• Assessment of water quality in the States/UTs

• Ensuring compliance of pollution control norms by industries

• Inventorization of industries generating hazardous waste.

• Organising training programmes and interactive meetings with State agencies on various aspects relating to pollution control in the State

• Strengthening of laboratories

14.13 PARLIAMENTARY MATTERS

CPCB has provided information to the Ministry for preparation of replies to the Parliament questions. The questions were also received from the Ministries of Health, Power, Surface Transport and Water Resources.

During 2002-2003, 254 questions (116 from Lok Sabha and 138 for Rajya Sabha) were received on difference aspects relating to prevention and control of pollution. The issue raised were relating to;

• Pollution of river Yamuna and status of Yamuna Action Plan

• Improvement in water quality of river Ganga

• Vehicular pollution status and measures taken for its control.

• Industry-specific issues and polluting industries in the country and their status.

• Management of municipal solid and biomedical waste

• Menace caused by plastics carry bag

• Actions taken against polluting units.

• Action plan for control of pollution in metro cities.

14.14 COIMBATORE CHARTER

The Coimbatore Charter, adopted in the conference of Environment Ministers in January 2001, had spelt out several initiatives needed for the effective functioning of the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Pollution Control Committees (PCCs). The Central Board interacted with SPCBs and PCCs for follow up on the decisions taken in the Charter. The actions taken by SPCBs/PCCs were reviewed during the Conference of State Secretaries of Environment and Chairpersons of PCBs/PCCs, inaugurated and interacted by Thiru T.R.Baalu, Hon’ble Union Minister of Environment and Forests. Interactions were made on the following issues :

• Inclusion of professionally qualified persons as Board members;
• Appointment of multidisciplinary staff in the Board;

• Lifting of the ban on the recruitment of Scientific and Technical posts in the Boards;
• Inventorization of polluting sources;
• Formulation of annual action plans;
• Publications of State of Environment reports;
• Monitoring and surveillance of polluting industries.
  
  

14.15 STRENGTHENING OF SPCBs

Strengthening of SPCBs/PCCs under various plans and programmes of CPCB and MoEF is an on-going activity. The proposals received from SPCBs/PCCs were examined and referred to MoEF for consideration. Some of the proposals received from Goa, Kerala and Orissa have been approved by MoEF.

Based on the proposal of CPCB, MoEF considered the proposal of strengthening of North-Eastern SPCBs and PCCs. The Ministry has sanctioned 102 posts of Scientific/Technical posts to these SPCBs/PCCs. Funds have also been provided for strengthening of laboratories. CPCB is providing necessary assistance to these Boards/ Committees for framing of Recruitment Rules and specifications for procurement of laboratory instruments.

14.16 PLASTICS WASTES MANAGEMENT

Pursuant to the decision taken in the Coimbatore conference of Ministers of Environment and Forests held on January 29-30, 2001, MoEF constituted a Committee under the Chairmanship of Shri Ranganath Mishra on plastics waste management and disposal. The Committee was assigned the task of examining of regulation on plastics wastes and to suggest appropriate measures for collection, segregation, treatment and disposal of plastics waste. CPCB provided in-puts in the deliberations of the Committee meetings. The recommendations made in the Report which was submitted to the Ministry of Environment & Forests in February 2002 includes;

• Restriction on manufacture and use of plastics carry bags.

• Ban on import of plastics wastes

• Development of photo degradable/ Biodegradable plastics

• Awareness campaign at different levels.

• Buy back (deposit refund) scheme for PET bottles and other plastics products

• Restriction on manufacture and use of plastics carry bags