|
 |
PRESENT STATE OF ENVIRONMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND COUNTER MEASURES
6.1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN SELECTED CITIES/AREAS
6.1.1 Vadodara City
The air quality at Vadodara city is measured on regular basis under Air Quality monitoring programme at residential area of Subhanpura. The measured parameters were Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) by using High volume sampler. The air quality data is presented in Table 6.1.
The measured values under AAQM programme on RSPM, SO2 and NO2 depict that RSPM of monthly average varied between 27 m g/m3 and 183 m g/m3, monthly averages of SO2 were in the range of 4 m g/m3 and 14.1 m g/m3 whereas NO2 varied from 11.3 m g/m3 and 65.9 m g/m3. The higher values of RSPM, NOx and SO2 were measured during winter. Sometime RSPM values were also higher than the limit of 100 m g/m3 during early summer months.
Most of the time the measured ambient SO2 was very low. The reasons may be attributed to lower residence time, high reactivity and primarily OH is oxidizing SO2 in presence of Sunlight.
The measured concentration of NO2 in ambient air was also found very low when measured by modified Jacob and Hochieser method. NO2 is converted into NO by photochemical reaction. Therefore, values of NO+NO2 may be more authentic than NO2 alone.
Volatile Organic Matter (VOC) in Ambient Air of Vadodara
Carcinogenic volatile organic compounds like Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and m,p-Xylene were measured round the clock at vadodara and computed as four hourly average basis by using continuous automatic VOC monitor. The results are shown in the Table 6.2.
VOCs were measured round the clock by using automatic VOC analyzer at Subhanpura, residential area. The results show that average benzene levels were ranging between 3.42 µg/m3 to 8.0 µg/m3, the peak value 12.6 µg/m3 was measured during mid night. The value has exceeded the threshold limit i.e. 6.7 µg/m3. The average Toluene level remained between 4.26 and 9.23 µg/m3, however, the peak value was 17.2 µg/m3 during mid night.
The value exceeded the threshold limit of 11.6 µg/m3. The average values of Ethyl benzene, were found to be in the range of 1.68 and 3.42 µg/m3. The values were higher during most of the time than the threshold value 1.69 µg/m3. The maximum value of Ethyl benzene (12.2 µg/m3) was monitored during 8.00 AM to 12.00 noon. The average value of m, p-Xylene was found to be in the range of 1.7 µg/m3 to 7.8 µg/m3 during 8.00 AM to 8.00 PM. The peak value of 14.9 µg/m3 was measured during 8.00 PM to mid night. All VOCs except ethyl benzene have shown maximum values during 8 PM to mid-night. However, higher values of ethyl benzene were found during both day and night time. The VOCs were found exceeding the threshold limit mainly because of unburnt vehicular fuel and adulteration in gasoline and diesel.
|
Month |
RSPM (µg/m3) |
SO2 (µg/m3) |
NO2 (µg/m3) |
||||||
|
Min |
Max |
Avg |
Min |
Max |
Avg. |
Min |
Max |
Avg. |
|
|
Jan |
51 |
262 |
128 |
4.1 |
30.7 |
8.0 |
5.9 |
135.9 |
39.9 |
|
Feb |
88 |
340 |
183 |
4.5 |
27.4 |
7.7 |
3.6 |
95.3 |
44.0 |
|
Mar |
77 |
258 |
135 |
4.1 |
31.2 |
6.6 |
9.2 |
85.3 |
32.3 |
|
Apr |
76 |
166 |
109 |
4.6 |
12.3 |
4.8 |
6.8 |
21.8 |
12.5 |
|
May |
23 |
102 |
55 |
4.4 |
5.3 |
4.0 |
2.2 |
77.0 |
12.1 |
|
Jun |
14 |
119 |
40 |
4.9 |
18.0 |
4.1 |
3.7 |
40.9 |
17.8 |
|
Jul |
11 |
57 |
30 |
4.8 |
15.6 |
4.1 |
4.6 |
27.9 |
14.5 |
|
Aug |
13 |
144 |
37 |
4.0 |
21.8 |
4.9 |
4.3 |
7.6 |
11.9 |
|
Sep |
13 |
61 |
27 |
4.1 |
13.5 |
5.9 |
2.2 |
22.4 |
11.3 |
|
Oct |
16 |
184 |
75 |
4.0 |
30.4 |
6.1 |
6.5 |
97.9 |
65.9 |
|
Nov |
54 |
224 |
94 |
4.2 |
26.4 |
8.1 |
16.5 |
103.2 |
47.6 |
|
Dec |
67 |
180 |
111 |
4.4 |
85.5 |
14.1 |
6.7 |
142.3 |
54.5 |
|
Air Quality Standard |
100 |
80 |
80 |
||||||
Table 6.2 : Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Level at Subhanpura, Vadodara (January’2002)
|
Duration Hours |
Benzene ug/m3
|
Toluene ug/m3 |
Ethyl Benzene ug/m3 |
m,p – Xylene ug/m3
|
||||||||
|
Min Max Avg |
Min Max Avg |
Min Max Avg |
Min Max Avg |
|||||||||
|
00 – 04
|
1.6 |
10.2 |
4.66 |
2.7 |
6.7 |
4.26 |
0.4 |
8.9 |
2.28 |
1.3 |
3.3 |
2.2 |
|
04 – 08
|
1.5 |
8.3 |
3.9 |
1.8 |
11.2 |
4.52 |
0.0 |
6.6 |
2.5 |
0.9 |
3.1 |
1.7 |
|
08 – 12
|
2.4 |
9.6 |
5.44 |
3.4 |
14.9 |
6.78 |
0.7 |
12.2 |
3.42 |
2.5 |
7.4 |
4.28 |
|
12 – 16
|
1.1 |
6.7 |
3.42 |
1.7 |
10.7 |
5.72 |
0.8 |
3.1 |
1.68 |
1.1 |
2.9 |
2.24 |
|
16 – 20
|
2.5 |
10.5 |
6.48 |
3.7 |
10.3 |
6.44 |
1.7 |
4.1 |
2.98 |
3.4 |
9.8 |
6.24 |
|
20 – 00 |
4.5 |
12.6 |
8.0 |
3.0 |
17.2 |
9.23 |
0.8 |
4.7 |
2.33 |
3.3 |
14.9 |
7.8 |
|
Threshold Limit |
6.7 |
11.6 |
1.69 |
4.85 |
||||||||
6.1.2 Ambient air quality at the Sundarbans
The objective of the study is to make an assessment of air quality in Sundarbans in terms of Particulate Matter (both SPM and RSPM i.e < 10 um), Sulphur Di-oxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (as NO2). The study will enable to prepare a database of the level of these pollutants in this fragile ecosystem; to develop an information base for future comparison as also reference for further study. The scope of the study was limited to the assessment concentrating on the terrestrial zone - the periphery of the forest and the deep forest zone. The periphery coverage was made almost adhering to the Dampier Hodges line - the demarcation of the Sundarbans region. Four areas each with two locations along the periphery of the forest and two locations in the forest zone were selected for the present study (shown in map). The survey was carried out during winter (January - February) of 2002.
From the overall composition of data on air quality determinants it may be said that there was no definite pattern of accumulation of any pollutant in the ambient air of the Sundarbans. The highest level of particulate matter (PM > 10 um) was observed in the eastern fringe of Sundarbans i.e. at Sonakhali zone and lowest at Kaikhali, the zone close to core area of Sundarbans which may be considered as a sensitive zone.
Total particulate matter (i.e. PM + RSPM) was highest at Sonakhali and lowest at Namkhana. The SPM level crossed, though marginally, the sensitive zone standards in the core area of Sundarbans i.e. at Pakhiralaya probably due to the atmospheric transportation/dispersion of the land based particulate matter in addition to local inputs like air-borne pollen grains/spores of mangroves. However, the other sensitive zone like Kaikhali remained free from excess particulate matter in its air. Again, clubbing all results together separately for rural Sundarbans as well as sensitive zone, the levels of particulate matters (both PM > 10 µm & < 10 µm) were within the standards prescribed for both the cases.
NO2 in the Sundarbans air behaved differently in the peripheral zone and also in the core area locations. Highest concentration was recorded at canning (44.5 µg/m3) and lowest at Namkhana (20 µg/m3). NO2 concentrations in the rural Sundarbans were below the prescribed limit for National Ambient Air Quality whereas it was at par at Kaikhali and at Pakhiralaya (31 µg/m3).
SO2 level in the Sundarbans along the peripheral locations i.e. rural Sundarbans as well as in the core area was less as compared to concentration of NO2.
The ambient air in Sundarbans do not exhibit high concentration of pollution level. However, comparatively higher concentration of SPM and/or RSPM at few locations particularly at Sonakhali, Canning and Pakhiralaya and NO2 level at Pakhiralaya and Kaikhali reached the threshold level which requires periodic monitoring. The Sundarbans core area and adjacent sensitive zone as such do not have air pollution generation sources worthy mentioning. The dispersion/air transportation of pollutants from peripheral zone and further up-reaches may be the cause for accumulation of air contaminants in the forest zone. Therefore, besides intermittent monitoring of air quality in the Sundarbans, due attention may be given to the land-based generation sources for appropriate control measures.
6.1.3 Specific Air Pollutants in major cities in M.P. & Rajasthan
| Cities in M.P. |
Cities in Rajasthan |
Parameters |
|
Bhopal, Indore |
Jaipur, Udaipur |
Ozone & Lead |
|
Mandideep, Bhopal |
Ajmer, Bhiwadi |
Lead |
|
Vijaipur |
Kota |
mmonia |
Apart from the stations under the National Ambient Air Monitoring Programme, three sampling stations were selected in each city. Sampling was carried out continuously for 48 hours at each location except for ozone. Ozone was monitored between 7:00 AM and 6:00 PM on hourly basis. The city-wise status of air quality is presented as follows:
Bhopal – The average concentrations of SO2 & NO2 were within the prescribed standard for ambient air quality at all the sampling locations, whereas Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) exceeded the prescribed limit to the extent of 62% & 7% times at Hamidia Road and Malviya Nagar respectively. Both locations were having high frequency of traffic movement. Average concentration of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) was significantly high at all the locations. The contribution of natural sources towards the particulate matter in the city was higher than the anthropogenic sources. Concentration of specific air pollutant i.e. ozone in the city ranged from BDL to 95 m g/m3 hourly. Most of the time the ozone has been found below 20 m g/m3. The higher ozone concentrations were reported in heavy traffic zone.
Mandideep – It is an industrial area in Raisen District, which is 22 km away in south from Bhopal city having small habitation within the area. All the air pollutants were found within the prescribed limit.
Indore –Gaseous pollutants i.e. SO2 & NO2 were found within the prescribed limit whereas ozone concentration ranged from BDL to 211 m g/m3. The highest concentration of ozone was reported at industrial area, where higher concentrations of NO2 were detected. At Palasia square concentration of ozone was found higher compared to other locations due to heavy traffic. The RSPM concentration at Sanghi Brothers building was exceeding the prescribed limit. Similarly, the SPM concentrations in all the locations were exceeding the prescribed limit.
Vijaipur – M/s National Fertilizers Ltd., M/s Gas Authority India Ltd. and M/s Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. are the major industries in operation at Vijaipur. Average concentration of specific air pollutant i.e. ammonia ranged from 8.3 to 25.5 m g/m3 which is below the prescribed limit (400 m g/m3). Other air pollutants were also found within the prescribed ambient air quality limits.
Ajmer – Secondary lead processing units are located at the out skirts of the city. NO2, RPM & SPM concentrations were found on higher side, particularly near the railway station at clock tower. It is the busiest square in terms of the vehicular movement in the city. The famous mosque (Khawja Moinuddin Chisti) is located at a distance of 1.5 km from this location. At Mayora school building and Clock Tower, SPM concentration exceeded the permissible limit. The average concentration of RSPM was found within the limit at Mayora school and CPWD inspection bungalow. However, at clock tower the RSPM value was found higher than the limits.
Bhiwadi – Bhiwadi is an industrial town of Rajasthan located 80 km southwest from Delhi. Ambient air quality data indicates that the gaseous pollutants especially NO2 concentration were exceeding the permissible limit at industrial area and also in the adjacent rural area. The RSPM & SPM concentrations were also either very close to or exceeding the prescribed limit at these locations. But, the SPM values have not exceeded the prescribed limit for industrial area at Garden valley. At Phoolbagh (having the commercial activities and located on the highway) RPM & SPM concentrations exceeded the prescribed limits, while the gaseous pollutants were within the prescribed limit.
Jaipur – Three locations were selected for the air quality monitoring apart from the stations regularly operated under the NAMP project. Among the gaseous pollutants, average concentration of NO2 found close to the prescribed limit whereas its maximum values have found exceeded the limit at Badichopad and Tejajinagar. Badichopad is a commercial area, having heavy traffic movement. The average concentrations of RSPM were exceeding the prescribed limit by 1-4% at all the monitoring locations. At Badichopad, it is marginally lower than the prescribed limit. The SPM concentrations were exceeding the limit at two locations i.e. Badichopad & Tejajinagar but it was very close to prescribed limit at Malviya Nagar. The ozone concentration at Jaipur monitored at four major traffic intersections. Its concentration varied from BDL to 98 m g/m3. The highest concentration of ozone recorded at Jhalana Doongri area, which is near to RTO office and 0.5 km away from the Delhi highway.
Udaipur – It is the lake city of Rajasthan, famous for historical palaces and attracts both national as well as international tourists. The average concentration of gaseous pollutants at the studied locations were found within the prescribed ambient air quality limits, whereas the RSPM concentration found higher at Delhi Gate (Police station) area. In case of SPM concentration, it was exceeding the prescribed limit at all three locations. At Delhi Gate, the frequency of vehicle movement were found higher compared to other parts of the city, which was the reason for the higher concentrations of the RSPM, SPM & NO2. Ozone has been monitored at four locations in the city at all the pollution potentials in the city. Its concentration varied from BDL to 68 m g/m3.
6.1.4 Monitoring of Suspended Particulate Matter in Ambient Air of Kanpur
Kanpur has the distinction of the most polluted city of Uttar Pradesh. To have an assessment of general ambient air quality, following four locations were selected as representative of different Categories and monitored twice a month for 24 hours throughout the year:
Trends of monthly average profile of SPM & RSPM from January-2001 to March-2002 for above four locations show that:
6.1.5 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring at Kanpur
One Ambient air quality monitoring station has been established at Vikas Nagar (Kanpur), representing residential area, since 1st March 2001, the data of which is being displayed at T.V. channel "Aaj Tak". The Value of RSPM in Vikas Nagar Ranges from 49 ug/m3 to 442 ug/m3 . The values are Maximum in winter and minimum during Monsoon. RSPM excluding monsoon always exceeds the prescribed norms. SO2 & NOx are still well within prescribed norms. Trends of monthly average of RSPM from March 2001 to March 2002 is shown in Fig 6.1.
6.1.6 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring at Agra City
Under AAQM-Agra, four monitoring stations were installed and are being operated at Taj Mahal, Itmad-ud-daulah, Rambagh and Nunhai respectively. Data on Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM), Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM), and Sulphur di oxide (SO2) and Nitrogen di oxide (NO2) for all the days (24 hours/day and 365 days/year) are being generated from these representative locations. The primary objective of such extensive and monitoring is to know the dispersion of pollutants generated from the industrial areas so as to ascertain the impact of industrial emissions on Taj Mahal and other important monuments located in the city and its close proximity.
Taj Trapezium Zone being declared as a sensitive region by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India has the following standards for various parameters.
|
Time weighted Avg. |
SO2 |
NOX |
SPM |
RSPM |
|
Annual |
15 |
15 |
70 |
50 |
|
24/8 hours |
30 |
30 |
100 |
75 |
All values are in µgm / m3
Monitoring Network & Central Laboratory
The Varadarajan Committee (constituted by Hon’ble Supreme Court through its report in 1995, identified the following broad areas /regions for air quality monitoring to meet the objective of the study and present investigation was initiated accordingly), viz. Rambagh, Nunhai, Idmad-ud-daula and Tajmahal. These areas are aligned, almost, in one direction (north-south). The air quality data generated, in these areas, can indicate the gradient of pollutant concentrations (from industrial areas including traffic sites) towards Taj Mahal. Thus, the data generated can easily be interpreted to understand source-receptor linkages.
The study area for air quality monitoring lies in the north of Taj Mahal towards the industrial areas. There are two industrial areas viz. Foundry Nagar (Rambagh) and Nunhai situated in the north of Taj Mahal at about 3-4 Kms. aerial distance. The land-use pattern between the industrial areas and Taj Mahal include major traffic corridors in the form of highway (NH-2, Hathras Road and other City roads along the banks of river Yamuna). Further to these highways, there is a green belt leading to Taj Mahal; the belt may assist in the removal of pollutants to some extent. Moreover, there are two important monumental sites in addition to Taj Mahal namely Itmad-ud-daulah (the Tomb) and Rambagh Garden.
Rambagh Garden: The building (roof top near river Yamuna) is on the North West corner of Foundry Nagar, about 200 meters from Hathras Road, located in the Rambagh Garden.
Nunhai (DIC Building for Industrial Area): The station is situated in South West end of Nunhai Industrial area and expected to reflect the emission not only of Nunhai industrial area but also pollutants traveling from Foundry Nagar industrial area.
Itmad-ud-daula (at the roof-top of internal gate of the monument-ASI office): The station was found suitable in the Itmad-ud-daula gate itself as other areas are very congested with various commercial activities besides absence of free air flowing areas, un-matching building height etc. This station shall also reflect the ambient air quality in and around Itmad-ud-daula, historical monument in the trans-Yamuna.
Tajmahal (South-West corner/bourje): This is the best location as pollution traveling from Foundry Nagar and Nunhai are expected to reach Tajmahal through this point only.
Central Laboratory: A Central Laboratory has been established for coordination of the activities of monitoring sites, analysis of samples, routine requirements, and calibration of instruments and as office for various interaction and co-ordination activities.
Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter: The general trend observed in the case of RSPM is almost the same at all the locations. Its monthly mean values exceeded the permissible limit (4-6 times) for the concerned area class in the month of December 2001. The possible sources could be industrial and climatic component (temperature inversions) which helps in the accumulation of pollutants in the lower layer of atmosphere.
The use of bonfire during this period clearly raises the RSPM level in the atmosphere. However, in the month of January 2001 the monthly mean value was found to be 3-4 times of the standard showing fall in the concentration due to winter showers and closure of all industrial units (as per the direction). In the next two months a definite decline was observed in the monthly mean values and Exceedance Factor (mean value/permissible for area class) was less than two times. The closure of industries and climate change (reduced effect of temperature inversion) and changed wind pattern (west to east) might be the key factors in reducing the concentration levels in addition to occasional showers (due to western disturbances in this period).
Oxides of Nitrogen (NO2 ): In the month of December 2001 high level of NO2 were observed along with high RSPM values apparently indicate the increased use of fuel either in the industrial units or vehicles. The likely reasons are expected to be indifferent for the high level of RSPM. The mean monthly values were less than two times of the set standard for the area class and were always less than the limit set for residential areas (but entire area is regarded as sensitive).
In the subsequent months the mean monthly values were ranging marginally above or below the set standard. The closure of industries and the reasons discussed for continuous decline in RSPM as well NO2 are almost the same except the fact that RSPM values may also be attributed to natural sources.
Central Board has conducted a study on "Estimation of levels of Benzene in ambient air and its impact on health in Mumbai" with the objective to form database on benzene concentration in Mumbai city. The concentration of benzene in ambient air of Mumbai has been monitored at 35 locations for 24-hours (8 hourly) during year 1999-2000. These locations were divided into eleven categories viz. Residential, commercial, industrial, parking area, arterial roads, petrol pumps, traffic intersections etc. The observed concentration ranged from 0.006 ppm to 0.975 ppm. The concentration of benzene in the residential area were varying between 0.006 ppm to 0.975 ppm. While concentration of benzene in industrial area varied between 0.047 to 0.129 ppm. Highest values of benzene in the study were observed at automobile repair garage and petrol pumps. Correlation between ambient concentration of benzene and cancer deaths could not be established for want of extensive data. However, mortality data indicated increase in number of deaths due to cancer. The concentrations of benzene observed in the present study are indicative and continuous monitoring at minimum five categories, i.e. residential, commercial, industrial, petrol pumps and traffic junctions is recommended as this will help in anticipating future concentration of benzene in ambient air, formulating standard levels and decision pertaining to control air pollution.
A study on "Inventory of emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban air of Delhi & Mumbai" is being conducted by Central Board. The objectives of the study are proposed to be achieved in two phases. Phase I comprises of identification and measurement of VOCs in ambient air of urban areas of Delhi and Mumbai. Phase II of the study involves inventorisation of sources of VOCs in an industrial estate viz. Thane-Belapur of Mumbai. First interim report of the study has been already prepared and submitted.
6.2.1 Bangalore
To assess the State of Environment at Bangalore, in-depth monitoring of sewage treatment plants and effluent treatment plant of some major industries were carried out. Monitoring of ambient air in respect of routine parameters and noise has been completed. Dry data of some major industries are being collected in order to update the available information.
Status of Domestic Waste Water Treatment at Bangalore
The performance evaluation of one of the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) of Bangalore Water Supply & Sewerage Board (BWSSB) located at Hebbal was carried out. The STP is conventionally designed for treatment of 60 Million Litres per Day (MLD) sewage waste water and came into operation in the year 1999.The monitoring data indicate that treated effluent quality meets the stipulated standards.
|
Location |
pH |
Conductivity |
TSS |
TDS |
BOD |
COD |
|
Inlet to Detritus tank |
7.3 |
1120 |
186 |
592 |
160 |
379 |
|
Outlet from Primary Clarifier-I |
7.1 |
1110 |
116 |
618 |
114 |
253 |
|
Outlet from Primary Clarifier-II |
7.1 |
1120 |
166 |
654 |
120 |
281 |
|
Outlet from Secondary Clarifier-I |
7.6 |
1010 |
22 |
561 |
19 |
59 |
|
Outlet from Secondary Clarifier-II |
7.6 |
1000 |
23 |
555 |
21 |
63 |
|
Final effluent |
7.6 |
980 |
29 |
544 |
23 |
67 |
Status of Industrial Effluent Treatment at Bangalore
A Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP), designed to treat the effluent 14 tanneries having capacity of 1000 kilo litre per day (KLD) was monitored. The plant has came into operation in the year 1994 and being maintained by Lidkar Tanners Enviro Control System Limited, Bangalore. The results of monitoring are presented in Table 6.4 which show that although the BOD value is falling within the stipulated limit, yet, the plant requires improvement in order to bring down the TDS and COD within the standards.
|
Location |
Alkalinity |
TSS |
TDS |
BOD |
COD |
Chlorides |
Sulphate |
|
Inlet to the collection tank |
7500 |
1080 |
3080 |
200 |
1024 |
889 |
2777 |
|
Outlet from equalization tank |
8000 |
7460 |
3740 |
500 |
1088 |
924 |
5332 |
|
Outlet from Primary clarifier |
8500 |
1600 |
2910 |
190 |
520 |
919 |
4141 |
|
Final effluent |
5000 |
106 |
2956 |
5 |
156 |
2274 |
3670 |
Note: All values are expressed in mg/l.
Status of Ambient Air Quality at Bangalore
Ambient air quality monitoring in respect of noise was carried out at 24 high traffic intersections. Noise levels were recorded at all the locations during day as well as night are presented in Table 6.5.
|
Sl.No.
|
Location
|
Noise Level, Leq
, dB(A)
|
|
|
DAY
|
NIGHT
|
||
|
1.
|
Basavanagudi |
84
|
70
|
|
2
|
Commercial Street |
82
|
78
|
|
3
|
Gandhinagar |
77
|
76
|
|
4
|
High Court |
83
|
67
|
|
5
|
Indiranagar |
81
|
63
|
|
6
|
Jayanagar |
82
|
62
|
|
7
|
K.G.Road |
84
|
83
|
|
8
|
K.G.Circle |
69
|
64
|
|
9
|
K.R.Market |
80
|
70
|
|
10
|
Lalbagh |
71
|
54
|
|
11
|
M.G.Road |
81
|
74
|
|
12
|
Majestic Bus Stand |
86
|
82
|
|
13
|
Malleshwaram Circle |
79
|
85
|
|
14
|
Navrang Circle |
83
|
81
|
|
15
|
NIMHANS Hospital |
69
|
53
|
|
16
|
Peenya Industrial Estate |
84
|
65
|
|
17
|
Shivajinagar |
85
|
76
|
|
18
|
City Railway Station |
82
|
71
|
|
19
|
St. John’s Hospital |
74
|
57
|
|
20
|
St.Martha’s Hospital |
85
|
48
|
|
21
|
Ulsoor Bus Stand |
82
|
88
|
|
22
|
Victoria Hospital |
80
|
64
|
|
23
|
Whitefield |
77
|
62
|
|
24
|
Yeshwanthpur Circle |
86
|
75
|
The variation of noise level during day and night at different locations exhibit that except at Malleshwaram Circle and Ulsoor Bus Stand, noise levels during night was less than the noise during day time. However, difference of noise level between day and night was observed very less at K.G.Road, K.R.Circle, Majestic Bus Stand and Navrang Circle indicating that the noise is mainly attributed due to heavy traffic at these locations.
Water Quality Monitoring of Lakes in Bangalore
Water quality monitoring of two lakes in Bangalore namely Bellandur & Varthur was carried out on quarterly basis for physico-chemical parameters. Chlorophyll concentration and Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.) profile, with respect to depth, was also recorded. The data is presented in Tables 6.6.
Table 6.6 Water Quality Status of Bellandur and Varthur Lakes
| Location |
pH |
Conductivity |
Turbidity |
TDS |
DO |
COD |
BOD |
|
Bellandur lake outlet |
7.9 |
946 |
11 |
542 |
1.5 |
100 |
25 |
|
Varthur lake outlet-I |
7.8 |
948 |
8 |
515 |
0.3 |
58 |
21 |
|
Varthur lake outlet-II |
8.2 |
1024 |
10 |
558 |
3.3 |
67 |
17 |
|
Bellandur lake outlet |
7.3 |
105 |
34 |
233 |
1.98 |
17 |
<1 |
|
Varthur lake outlet-I |
7.5 |
104 |
38 |
1.90 |
6.39 |
8 |
Nil |
|
Varthur lake outlet-II |
9.5 |
102 |
16 |
1.83 |
7.26 |
6 |
<1 |
Note: i. All values are expressed in mg/l except pH, Conductivity (m s/cm), Chlorophyll (mg/m3), Fecal and Total Coliform (per 100 ml), and Turbidity (NTU).
D.O. profile of Varthur lake, as depicted in Fig 6.2, illustrates the eutrophication status, which is unsuitable for various biotic organisms. The abnormal high concentration of D.O. (25 mg/l) may be attributed due to partial pressure exerted by the oxygen liberated during photosynthesis. This is further confirmed by the diurnal variation of Dissolved Oxygen concentration in epilimnion of the lake. This appears to be possible because of presence of blooms of blue green algae. The nocturnal variation of D.O. concentration was hypolimnion nil, showing no transfer of oxygen from atmosphere and consumption of available oxygen during respiration by the algae.
The limnion system of Bellandur lake appears to be stable, as such variation in D.O. concentration in epilimnion and hypolimnion falls within the normal range. Further, diurnal variation of Dissolved Oxygen concentration has also been observed less.
Fig 6.2 Dissolved Oxygen profile in lakes of Bangalore
6.2.2 Allahabad
There are very few places parallel to Allahabad not only in India but also around the world, which ares described with great worship in ancient scriptures as Prayag or Prayagraj or Teerthraaj i.e. the holiest pilgrimage centre. With the added attraction of Kumbh Mela , hailed as the world’s largest congregation of devotees, its importance has multiplied manyfold. In order to know the Environmental Status of the city and decide the future course of action, the study was taken up by the CPCB during 2001- 2002
Demography
Population of Allahabad city has increased from 1.84 lakhs in 1931 to 10.5 lakhs in 2001. The average estimated present population density is 14888-persons/sq. km. The average population growth of the city is around 27 %. Comparing with other major cities in our country, Allahabad is the 32nd largest city in the country in terms of population according to the 2001 Census data.
Modern Allahabad is not only a religio-cultural centre but also known as seat of justice, education and politics and also a city of administrative a50nd educational institutions. It has a lot of tourist spots of religious and historical importance.
Area & Land Use pattern
The total usable land in the Modified Master Plan-2001 has increased to 21689.53 hectares from 18511.00 hectares in 1967's Plan. The percent distribution of land has increased considerably only for residential uses while the allocation of land has been reduced considerably for industrial uses because the industrial development of the city could not take place as per the anticipation. Provisions have been made in the revised Master Plan for construction of bypasses (5 nos.), bridges over the rivers Ganga & Yamuna(3 nos.), widening of existing roads, construction of new roads, over bridges and underpasses etc. All these proposals/ provisions if implemented properly should solve the traffic and transportation problems of the city to a great extent and will reduce the vehicular pollution problems considerably.
Vehicular Pollution
The city is connected with most of the important places and adjoining areas through express highways i.e. NH, MDRs, ODR and Minor Roads. Unfortunately no bypass exists to divert the through traffic, which increases the traffic volume inside the city to a great extent and in-turn the vehicular pollution and traffic jams also. The total numbers of vehicles on road in the city is 3.10 lacs (Feb.2002) among which the lion share is contributed by 2 wheelers to the tune of 80.5 %.
The estimated total vehicular pollution load of the city during early 2002 was approximately 37.86 MT/day. The quantities of major pollutants i.e. Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons emitted by all the vehicles put together, were estimated as 21.65 MT and 8.92 MT respectively. Petrol driven vehicles, mainly 2 wheelers and PCG (passenger cars-gasoline) group of vehicles were found chiefly responsible towards these emissions. NOx emissions contribution is 5.5 MT mainly due to diesel driven vehicles. 1.57 MT of Particulate matters were contributed mainly by the diesel driven vehicles. Benzene emissions, although not significant, were mainly because of petrol driven vehicles.
Ambient Air Quality
Like ant other typical north-Indian city, SPM concentrations are beyond the prescribed limits. The major portions of the total suspended particulate matter are of natural origin. The ambient air quality is extremely poor with reference to RSPM at all the locations. Like other cities, the oxides of Sulphur & Nitrogen are within the prescribed norms.
Water Supply Management
Inspite of availability of adequate quantities of surface water, ground water is the major source of water supply (around 65%) in the city.
Monitoring at 14 different locations revealed that the drinking water being supplied is hard (exceeding the limits in 11 samples) and fluoride content is also less than desired. The presence of residual chlorine could be detected only in 5 out of 14 samples, which indicated that this aspect of chlorination of drinking water must be taken very seriously on the part of Jal Sansthan. Presence of T. Coliforms and F. Coliforms were observed in 7 and 3 samples respectively. Presence of heavy metals namely Iron and Zinc were observed in some of the samples. In respect of other parameters, the quality is conforming the desired permissible limits.
Ground water monitoring (Mark II hand pumps/ open well) was conducted at 14 locations and it was observed that the hardness and calcium content are exceeding in all the locations except one at Kanhaaipur and presence of TC and FC were detected at 2 locations. The water quality is satisfactory in respect of other parameters.
The quality of ground water (hand pump M-II and well-water) at Civil Lines bus stand was unsatisfactory.
Waste Water Management & Ganga Action Plan
During the survey it was observed that at present the capacity of STP constructed at Naini under GAP-I, is only 60 MLD. Remaining approximately 171 MLD of untreated waste water is being discharged into rivers Ganga & Yamuna. About 90 MLD of the waste water has been intercepted and diverted towards the down stream end of the city/Sangam for treatment (60 MLD only) / discharge ( untreated 30 MLD) into river Ganges. For interception, diversion and treatment of 150 MLD of waste water is proposed in GAP phase II. Other schemes proposed under GAP-II include land acquisition, construction of a number of STPs of various types for different areas of the city, augmentation of capacity of present STP, pumping stations and other network component of Sewerage, development and electrification of riverbanks and ghats, forestry, wood based crematoria and mass awareness programmes. The total project proposal amounts to Rs. 23480.00 lacs.
Table 6.7 Waste-water Treatment and Estimated Pollution Loads
|
Type of Discharge |
Estimated Discharge |
BOD |
SS |
BOD Load (E) |
SS Load (E) |
|
MLD |
mg/l |
mg/l |
MT/day |
MT/day |
|
|
Untreated |
171.00 |
99.90 |
339.00 |
17.083 |
57.969 |
|
Treated |
60.00 |
28.24 |
61.24 |
1.694 |
3.674 |
|
Total |
231.00 |
18.777 |
61.643 |
Solid Waste & Bio-medical Waste Management
Total Quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in Allahabad is approximately 450 MT/day, which is disposed on three sites namely Phaphamau, Naini and Karamat ki Chauki. A proposal amounting to Rs. 16.00 Lakhs, as submitted by NEERI, is under consideration for suggesting a suitable system for disposal of MSW. The total quantity of Biomedical Wastes generated is approximately – 1.5 Tonnes/day (@250 gms/bed/day, Total Bed Capacity of the hospitals is about 5900 beds. Joint Inspection of 7 major hospitals was made in Feb.02 . Incinerators with air pollution control devices have been installed only by the following hospitals:
Remaining hospitals are discharging their wastes in an unscientific manner. Municipal corporation has engaged a private party to install and operate a common incinerator. An area of 350 sq. metres has been allotted at Karela-Bagh, near old workshop.
6.2.3 Union Territories of Daman & Silvassa
The Central Pollution Control Board, Vadodara, in association with PCC, Daman, visited UTs Daman during 1st November 2001 to 8th Nov. 2001 and carried out in-depth study to ascertain the pollution potential in these areas caused by the industries. Grab water and air samples were collected from various industries to verify the adequacy and efficiency of the treatment facilities that provided by the industries.
6.2.4 Singrauli
In keeping with potential of air pollution and environmental problems, in Singrauli problem area and considering the need for regular environmental surveillance, CPCB initiated involvement of NGOs in the field of environmental monitoring. With this object, CPCB sponsored this project to M/s Banwasi Sewa Asram, a prominent NGO in Sonebhadra District of Singrauli area ,co-ordinated by CPCB ZO: Kanpur.
The project activity includes studies pertaining to ambient air quality, bio monitoring and surface water quality.
Ambient Air Quality
Bio-Monitoring
Surface Water Quality
a. Surface water quality monitoring at 10 locations on reservoir / river / drains in Singrauli area and analysed for pH, Total Suspended Solids, COD, Dissolved Oxygen, Fluoride and Mercury. Emphasis is given to the impact of air borne as well as water borne pollutants on reservoir, drains and surface water accumulation (used by local village population).
6.3 VEHICULAR POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL AT TRAFFIC INTERSECTION
Ambient air quality monitoring at the major traffic intersection in Patna was carried out in association with Bihar State Pollution Control Board. This monitoring was done on 24-hrs average basis in two phases covering two seasons – post-monsoon and winter during September 24-29, 2001 and February 9-14, 2002 at 12 major traffic intersections identified jointly by Central Pollution Control Board and BSPCB. The parameters monitored were Suspended Particulate Matter, Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter, VOC, NO2, SO2 besides lead in SPM and RSPM. Due care was taken in selecting the monitoring stations so that it should represent residential, commercial, sensitive areas. The monitoring locations were as follows:
Bihar State Pollution Control Board operates Vehicle Exhaust Checking stations in Patna, Jamshedpur, Dhanbad, Barauni. At present Jamshedpur and Dhanbad is working under Jharkhand Pollution Control Board. In financial year 2001-02, 8657 number of vehicle were checked at these station. Based on the observation - 0.5% of two wheelers, 4.4% of 3-wheelers, 26.5% of 4-wheeler, and 6.6% of 6-wheeler vehicles were found to be above stipulated norms.
Noise monitoring was carried out at 12 major traffic intersection covering area of Patna Municipal Corporation and Patna City. The noise survey was done using a Quest make noise Meter at four times a day to represent exposure during various period. The observed value in dB(A) for Leq., Lmin, Lmax, L10, L50, L90 are tabulated below:
Table 6.8 Noise Levels at Traffic intersection at Patna
|
S. No. |
Name of Station |
Date |
Period |
Leq |
Lmin |
Lmax |
L10 |
L50 |
L90 |
|
1. |
Patna City Chowk |
24.09.2001 |
Day |
79 |
59 |
97 |
82 |
76 |
70 |
|
Night |
76 |
61 |
90 |
79 |
73 |
68 |
|||
|
2. |
Patna City Court |
24.09.2001 |
Day |
76 |
60 |
98 |
79 |
72 |
64 |
|
Night |
76 |
63 |
90 |
80 |
73 |
67 |
|||
|
3. |
Bahadurpur Gumti |
25.09.2001 |
Day |
78 |
65 |
90 |
79 |
76 |
72 |
|
Night |
80 |
63 |
95 |
84 |
77 |
70 |
|||
|
4. |
Khuda Bakhsa Library |
25.09.2001 |
Day |
79 |
63 |
94 |
80 |
76 |
71 |
|
Night |
74 |
55 |
90 |
78 |
71 |
63 |
|||
|
5. |
Anishabad More |
26.09.2001 |
Day |
75 |
52 |
94 |
76 |
68 |
60 |
|
Night |
71 |
49 |
88 |
75 |
62 |
53 |
|||
|
6. |
Ashiana More |
26.09.2001 |
Day |
82 |
69 |
95 |
86 |
80 |
74 |
|
Night |
79 |
58 |
99 |
80 |
73 |
66 |
|||
|
7. |
Kurjee More |
27.09.2001 |
Day |
79 |
66 |
96 |
81 |
75 |
70 |
|
Night |
69 |
53 |
92 |
71 |
63 |
57 |
|||
|
8. |
Boring Road Crossing |
27.09.2001 |
Day |
79 |
69 |
92 |
82 |
77 |
74 |
|
Night |
76 |
55 |
93 |
80 |
70 |
61 |
|||
|
9. |
R-Block Crossing |
27.09.2001 |
Day |
74 |
61 |
88 |
76 |
71 |
66 |
|
Night |
70 |
54 |
91 |
70 |
63 |
59 |
|||
|
10. |
Dak Bunglow Crossing |
27.09.2001 |
Day |
75 |
67 |
90 |
78 |
71 |
70 |
|
Night |
72 |
54 |
88 |
75 |
68 |
61 |
|||
|
11. |
Chidiyatal Bridge crossing |
28.09.2001 |
Day |
79 |
60 |
100 |
75 |
69 |
65 |
|
Night |
80 |
63 |
98 |
84 |
75 |
70 |
|||
|
12. |
Gandhi Maidan |
28.09.2001 |
Day |
79 |
65 |
97 |
78 |
72 |
69 |
|
Night |
76 |
55 |
98 |
76 |
69 |
62 |
The total number of registered vehicles in the city upto December 1999 was 721755. This is about three times the 1982-83 number. During the last ten years in Kolkata itself there has been 63 percent rise in vehicle population which is roughly 6.3 percent increase per annum. About 45 percent of these vehicles are 2-wheelers, Motor cars contribute another 36 percent. There are 62700 trucks/delivery vans, 24500 taxis, 10000 auto rickshaws and 1100 mini buses. A large number of old vehicles are plying on the city streets. A study of nine streets crossings found 54 percent of vehicles to be of old model. Of the old vehicles, 56 percent of moor cars, 55 percent of trucks, 56 percent of buses, 46 percent of taxis and 25 percent of 2-wheelers are more than 15 years old. A study had shown that more than one third of all vehicles plying in Kolkata emit beyond permissible where the highest polluting group is the taxis of which more than 50 percent violate emission norms.
In addition to the above number of vehicles registered with PVD, there are a total of 1.2 lakh vehicles registered in 24 Parganas (North) (as on 31st December 1999) and 60000 vehicles registered in Howrah (as on 31st January 2000). A large number of these vehicles obviously get into KMC area adding to congestion and consequently to pollution. In 24 Parganas (North) the number of vehicles have gone up by a whopping 300 percent in the last ten years which works out to an annual average increase of 30 percent.
The increase in number of vehicles predominated by 2-wheelers and highly mobile taxis, goods vehicles, auto rickshaws etc. have its own impact on air pollution. Such increasing numbers have a predictable impact on traffic volume and congestion. The situation is further compounded by the limited road space and the consequently create congestion at major intersections. A study on peak hour traffic volume in some major intersections of the city revealed an alarming increase in traffic volume during peak hours. The volume of peak traffic growth recorded in Park Street/Jawaharlal Nehru crossing showed an increase of 18.4 percent within a period of two years (1997-99). The evening volume of traffic in Jawaharlal Nehru Road (North to South) in fact increased by an astounding 48 percent during this period. Similarly, the annual peak traffic growth rate in Park Circus connector is 12.6 percent and Rashbehari connector 32 percent.
Table 6.9 Noise levels at major road intersections in Kolkata
|
Sl. No. |
Name of station |
Average noise level during day |
Maximum Noise level during day |
Minimum Noise level during day |
Percentile exceeding Noise |
||
|
Ld |
Lmax |
Lmin |
L10 |
L50 |
L90 |
||
|
1 |
Behala |
80 |
97 |
67 |
83 |
77 |
73 |
|
2 |
Chiriamore |
83 |
92 |
71 |
86 |
81 |
77 |
|
3 |
Esplanade |
85 |
97 |
74 |
88 |
83 |
77 |
|
4 |
Garia |
83 |
100 |
66 |
84 |
78 |
72 |
|
5 |
Golpark |
77 |
90 |
65 |
81 |
73 |
68 |
|
6 |
Hazra |
80 |
90 |
68 |
83 |
76 |
71 |
|
7 |
Kidirpore |
81 |
91 |
69 |
83 |
79 |
73 |
|
8 |
Parkcircus |
75 |
88 |
61 |
77 |
73 |
70 |
|
9 |
Sciencecity |
77 |
96 |
60 |
79 |
72 |
66 |
|
10 |
Tollygunge |
82 |
94 |
55 |
85 |
78 |
73 |
|
11 |
Moulali |
84 |
93 |
73 |
84 |
82 |
76 |
|
12 |
Ultadanga |
82 |
95 |
69 |
84 |
78 |
73 |
6.4 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TREATMENT PLANTS
6.4.1 Evaluation of Performance and Management Practices of Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs)
Small scale industries (SSls) are the unique feature of Indian industrial development, promoted by the Govt for balanced economic growth in the country. Individually the SSI, may not contribute significant pollution, but collectively their contribution is quite significant. Most of the SSIs do not have treatment system owing to the problem of availability of space, resources, manpower etc. Thus the Ministry of Environment initiated an innovative technical and financial support scheme in order to ensure treatment and disposal of wastewater from SSIs. MoEF has so far approved 133 CETPs of which 51 have been constructed and commissioned. CPCB initiated performance evaluation including management practices in order to ensure proper functioning of these CETPs. CPCB is carrying out this study with the help of IIT, Mumbai, CLRI, Chennai and EPTRI Hyderabad. The study is expected to be completed by the end of 2002.
6.4.2 Performance Evaluation of STPs in major cities of Gujarat
The heavy & haphazard urbanization in Gujarat State, has resulted in significant deterioration of the quality of the urban water bodies and the nearby Rivers, which are also subject to high pollution potential from the industries located within the City areas.
The West Zonal Office of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has been undertaking a Project on Performance Evaluation of STPs in major cities of Gujarat, consisting of study of Domestic Wastewater Management System in six major Cities (population above 5 lacs) of Gujarat State. The Study aimed at covering the measurement of river water quality and overall efficacy & efficiency of all individual treatment units. It, also, aimed at identification of the associated techno-economic problems in achieving the norms.
The salient features are almost common for all the STPs, hence the salient observations made, based on the visits and the comprehensive monitoring are as below:
6.5 RAIN WATER HARVESTING (RWH) STUDIES
The over-exploitations of water resources both surface and ground water is leading to Water Scarcity. The water scarcity can be overcome by prolonging stay of rainwater on land by using engineering innovations. Rainwater harvesting technique is one such innovation, which has been promoted by Central Pollution Control Board. The guidelines have been developed for such exercise, which can be, adopted at household as well as community levels. In order to demonstrate and promote RWH practices, CPCB has installed, roof top rainwater harvesting and artificial groundwater recharge system at CPCB Headquarters Parivesh Bhawan building at Delhi. Subsequently, it has been decided to demonstrate and promote the RWH practice all over the country through financial assistance for installation of similar or suitable systems in the office buildings owned by the SPCBs/PCCs. Some of such proposals have been financed during year 2001 and proposed for the year 2002.
6.6 STUDIES OF GROUND WATER QUALITY6.6.1 Studies of Ground Water Quality around CETP and Common secured landfill sites located at various places in Gujarat.
The Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) is a solution, which protects the mutual interests of both Industries as well as surrounding population and environment, if it is properly operated and maintained. The CETP treats industrial wastewater after primary treatment given at the source by the individual Industry. Secondary and tertiary treatment is given to the Industrial waste on payment basis at CETP, which is charged from individual industry depending on the quantity. Similarly, common secured landfill sites (CSLS) handle Industrial waste mostly solids, which are hazardous and toxic. The improper design of CETP and CSLS may contaminate ground water due to leachates. Therefore, CPCB's west zone office, has taken up a project to assess the ground water quality near, CETP and CSLS in Gujarat.
Leachates and Ground water samples around CETP and CLFS were collected from GIDC Vatwa; Udhav at Ahmedabad, GIDC Nandesari at Vadodara, GIDC Ankaleshwar at Bharuch and GIDC Vapi at Valsad district. Analytical results are presented in the Table 6.10 and salient observation is presented below:
|
Location GIDC Limit |
pH 6.5- 8.5 |
TDS 500 |
Cond. --
|
Alk 200 |
Cl 250 |
TH 300 |
Ca-H 75 |
Mg-H --
|
SO4 200 |
PO4 -- |
Remarks |
|
Vatva Min- Max- Av- |
7.8 8.0 7.9 |
1476 1594 1535 |
2500 2800 2650 |
324 542 433 |
522 542 532 |
111 178 145 |
32 87 60 |
79 91 85 |
128 143 136 |
0.16 0.30 0.23 |
Bdl= Below detectable Limit (-) Data not available |
|
Odhav Min- Max- Av- |
7.5 7.6 7.5 |
892 1596 1244 |
1600 2900 2250 |
418 604 511 |
217 611 414 |
69 113 91 |
34 45 40 |
35 68 52 |
54 175 115 |
Bdl 0.16 -- |
|
|
Vapi Min- Mix- Av- |
7.1 7.9 7.5 |
586 1252 919 |
1040 1880 1460 |
262 616 439 |
117 217 167 |
103 355 229 |
53 203 128 |
31 152 92 |
59 105 82 |
Bdl 0.51 -- |
|
|
Ankalesh- war Min- Max- Av- |
7.0 7.6 7.3 |
964 4512 2738 |
1770 6700 4235 |
412 632 522 |
286 1695 991 |
133 577 355 |
59 346 203 |
74 231 153 |
97 694 396 |
Bdl 0.17 -- |
|
Location GIDC |
pH |
TDS |
Conducti-vity |
COD |
BOD |
Alkali-nity |
Cl |
TH |
CaH |
MgH |
SO4 |
PO4 |
|
Vatva
|
7.2 |
30736 |
40000 |
2095 |
100 |
150 |
13649 |
3280 |
2380 |
900 |
2502 |
0.37 |
|
Vapi
|
8.0 |
9450 |
12700 |
1765 |
200 |
320 |
3301 |
1109 |
949 |
160 |
1999 |
1.33 |
|
Anka- leshwar |
7.5 |
122300 |
144000 |
7720 |
3600 |
2660 |
40751 |
1382 |
523 |
859 |
9929 |
38.8 |
All values are in mg/l except pH and conductivity (expressed in m S /cm).
6.6.2 Groundwater Quality Monitoring in Problem Areas
CPCB's Zonal Office Kanpur carried out three round of Groundwater Monitoring in problem areas Singrauli (Uttar Pradesh), Kala-Amb (Himachal Pradesh), Parwanoo (Himachal Pradesh) and Mandi Govindgarh (Punjab). A network of 5 to 6 monitoring location was identified for the study. The monitoring was carried out in winter, Pre-Monsoon and Post-Monsoon season to observe seasonal effect on groundwater
Fig. 6.4 Fluoride and Nitrate Profile in groundwater
6.6.3 Ground Water Quality Monitoring in Problem areas in Eastern Region
In the 29th Conference of the Chairmen & Member Secretaries of the Central Board and the State Pollution Control Boards it was decided that an integrated approach towards environmental management was necessary in dealing with pollution related matters in the problem areas. The CPCB had initially identified 22 problem areas and subsequently two more problems areas were identified. It is proposed to conduct another groundwater quality monitoring program in all the identified problem areas i.e. 24 through the Zonal Offices of CPCB. It is proposed to interpret the data with the surveys / existing data already available with the Central Ground Water Board.
Salient points for programme execution are:
(a) The sampling shall be done to observe the seasonal
changes as done by CGWB and hence in this case the seasons shall be:
post-monsoon (September), winter (January) and pre-monsoon (May) respectively.
(b) The samples shall be collected at the shallow water table since this is the region more prone to contamination.
6.7 COASTAL WATER MONITORING
6.7.1 Studies on Pollution potential from Fishing Harbour to the Coastal Waters
The country has a coastline of about 8118 kilometers, which is dotted with 6 major and 27 minor fishing harbours and 2271 fish landing centers. The harbour related activities contribute to the quality of coastal waters and its environment to a certain exyent. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has undertaken a study on the pollution related problems in the fishing harbour and its environment in the Veraval fishing harbour area. The preliminary survey indicated that the problem in this fishing harbour is severe. This harbour is originally designed for approximately 800 fishing vessels to operate. However, without further expansion of infrastructures in the harbour, at present, more than 3000 fishing vessels of different kinds are operated from here. In addition to this domestic wastewater generated from the Veraval town is also finds its way into the harbour area. Further, the effluent generated from the fish processing units of GIDC also being discharged in to this water body. The Industries Association of Veraval recently has undertaken the work of the construction of a CETP with a designed treatment capacity of 5.0 mld and at present to treat the effluent around 3.5 mld generated from 42 fish processing units. The detailed study is under progress.
6.7.2 Environmental status of Coastal Aquaculture in India
The Central Pollution Control Board has initiated an extensive study on the environmental aspects of coastal aquaculture in the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra, since the rapidly expanding industry have a number of social and environmental side effects, which have been witnessed elsewhere in the world. The preliminary monitoring of aqua farms in both the states indicated that the wastewater generated from these aqua farms have been discharged either to the creeks or estuaries or directly into the sea without any kind of treatment. The brackishwater aquaculture is a seasonal one and two crops are taken annually. During 2001-2002, the discharge water from 30 ponds of 5 aquaculture farms have been monitored during harvesting period. The study is in progress to get more data to derive actual water quality of the wastewater generated by brackishwater aquaculture. The CPCB was also closely associated with the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India in formulating the Guidelines for Effluent Treatment Systems (ETS) in shrimp farms, which has already been published in June 2001 by Aquaculture Authority, Government of India.
The Marine National Park in the Gulf of Kutch, which covers an area of 169 sq. km. was declared as a protected area to protect more than 200 species of marine flora and fauna. This area is sandwiched by the busy port of Vadinar and Kandla and also private jetties. Imported crude and petroleum products are unloaded here and increasing activities like laying of pipelines and other industrial developments around this area are taking place at a faster rate. The study is undertaken to assess the overall pollution load and environmental threats to the marine life of the National Park area. Dry study comprising collection of relative information and data has been conducted.
6.7.4 Oil Pollution and the Marine Environment
India has a vast coastline and its coastal waters are geographically located at a vulnerable position to oil pollution, since around 45 percent of world’s oil transport originates from Middle East countries and passes through India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). On an average 40 super tankers pass through Indian waters daily. In addition to this Indian ports and harbours handle about 3810 tankers carrying about 84 million tonnes of petroleum / oil/ lubricants every year. It is therefore necessary to assess the type of our coastal areas and status of coastal waters with respects to oil pollution and our capability to combat the oil pollution. In this connection relevant data / information have been collected from different government agencies / departments and compiled in the a report on "Oil Pollution and the Marine Environment" this compilation is first of its kind on Indian marine coastal areas and coastal waters.
6.7.5 Marine sewage Pollution along Indian Coastal Waters
The Municipal wastewater constitutes the largest land based single source of marine pollution. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has quantified the municipal sewage generated from class I cities and class II towns located in the coastal areas and brought out a report on "Municipal Sewage Pollution along Indian Coastal Waters" on the basis of data / information collected from coastal municipalities, municipal corporations, State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Public Health Engineering Department etc. Among the littoral states the Maharashtra states generates maximum quantity of municipal sewage, to the tune of 2508.64 mld followed by West Bengal, 1466.06 mld, which constitutes about 71% of the total quantity of the wastewater generated. The treatment capacity available in the coastal cities and towns is estimated as 1007.90 tonnes/day.
6.7.6 In-depth study in Union Territories of Daman & Silvassa
The Central Pollution Control Board, Vadodara, in association with Pollution Control Committee, Daman, visited UTs Daman during 1st Nov 2001 to 8th Nov. 2001 and carried out in-depth study to ascertain the pollution potential in these areas caused by the industries. Grab water and air samples were collected from various industries to verify the adequacy and efficiency of the treatment facilities provided by the industries. Industry wise recommendations are made for implementation by individual industries for better environment.
The salient point observed is that all the industries have been issued consent to reuse/recycle their effluent again into the process/ gardening, as there are no receiving bodies available in UTs, DNH and Daman. Unfortunately, no industry in UT can treat its effluent up to the standard that is required in process. As a result, industries discharge their treated / untreated effluent into storm water drains, whenever they find opportunity, which may eventually spoil the ground water and nearby agricultural land.
6.8 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF KUMBH MELA 2001
Environmental Study of Kumbh Mela 2001 was undertaken in collaboration with Pollution Control Research Institute, BHEL, Hardwar, and CPCB Zonal Office – Kanpur. The in-depth water quality monitoring at Allahabad was undertaken on five important mass bathing days at Sangam every hour and five other locations at a frequency of 2 – 6 times a day. In addition, bio-monitoring studies were also undertaken during pre-Kumbh. The observations are as below:
Table 6.13 Kumbh 2001 : Water Quality of River Yamuna at Allahabad
|
Location |
u/s Allahabad |
at Naini Bridge |
||
|
Parameters |
Pre-Kumbh |
During Kumbh * |
Pre-Kumbh |
During Kumbh * |
|
pH |
7.5 |
7.6 |
8.1 |
7.7 |
|
DO (mg/l) |
8.2 |
8.3 |
7.0 |
7.5 |
|
BOD (mg/l) |
3.5 |
1.7 |
7.2 |
2.5 |
|
Total Coliform (MPN/100 ml) |
1800 |
1050 |
20000 |
11333 |
|
Faecal Coliform (MPN/100 ml) |
700 |
600 |
8000 |
1700 |
Table 6.14 Kumbh 2001 : Water Quality of River Ganga at Allahabad
|
Location |
U/s Sangam (Shastri Bridge) |
Sangam |
D/s Sangam (Lavain Kala) |
|||
|
Parameters |
Pre-Kumbh |
During Kumbh |
Pre-Kumbh |
During Kumbh * |
Pre-Kumbh |
During Kumbh * |
|
pH |
8.1 |
7.5 |
8.1 |
7.8 |
8.3 |
8.0 |
|
DO (mg/l) |
8.0 |
7.5 |
7.5 |
5.8 |
7.8 |
8.2 |
|
BOD (mg/l) |
5.0 |
3.5 |
5.8 |
6.2 |
6.0 |
2.7 |
|
Total Coliform (MPN/100 ml) |
2000 |
91000 |
2400 |
223118 |
3000 |
257500 |
|
Faecal Coliform (MPN/100 ml) |
900 |
- |
1000 |
12179 |
1600 |
- |
* Makar Sankranti 14.01.2001
6.9 STATUS OF ENVIRONMENT IN TRIPURA
A study for preparation of status of Environment in Tripura has been carried out with aim to monitor environmental quality and updating the status report. Hence, data pertaining to geography, demography and other environment related aspects are compiled. Environment monitoring has been conducted in respect of air quality, water quality including management of bio-medical waste, hazardous waste at various part of Tripura.. The following observations have been made during the study;
Ground Water Quality: Ground water samples were collected 19 locations distributed in four zones/district ( North: 4, Dhalai:1, West: 11, and South: 3). Analyses have been carried out for physical characteristic, mineral constituent, toxic metals and organic pollutants. Results indicate that TDS, TSS, chloride, Fluoride, sulfates are within permissible limits. Toxic heavy metals such as As, Pb, Cd and Cr are also found within permissible limit. No fecal coliform was found in any samples.
Surface Water: Samples were collected from 12 points from 8 rivers namely, Howrah, Deo, Manu, Dhalai, Juri, Feni, Khowai and Muhri and from 2 lakes namely Amarsagar and Jagannathdihi. The water quality for the parameters such as TDS, TSS , Chloride, Fluoride, Sulfate, Calcium, Magnisium, Sodium, Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper and lead are found within permissible limit. Total coliform, Fecal coliform were observed to be higher at all locations. Oil and
Grease content was higher in Howrah river and in Chandrapur stream at Chandrapur because of discharge from the automobile garages in the area. Bacteriological quality of ponds in respect of total coliform and fecal coliform are higher and unsuitable for drinking.
Air Quality: The air quality monitoring
has been carried out at various locations. Tripura is divided into four
district namely, North, West, South and Dhalai. The air qualities at different
areas are depicted in the following figures;
Bio-Medical Waste Management: The major health establishment composition is depicted in following table;
|
Health Care Center |
No. |
Bed capacity |
Total |
|||
|
West |
South |
North |
Dhalai |
|||
|
State Hospital |
4 |
1054 |
- |
- |
- |
1054 |
|
District Hospital |
2 |
- |
150 |
150 |
- |
300 |
|
Sub-divi. Hospital |
11 |
205 |
150 |
60 |
100 |
515 |
|
Rural Hospital |
9 |
120 |
80 |
60 |
- |
260 |
|
Defense Hospital |
3 |
87 |
- |
- |
- |
87 |
|
Homeopathic Hospital |
1 |
20 |
- |
- |
- |
20 |
|
Private nursing home |
10 |
130 |
-- |
- |
- |
30 |
|
Total |
2266 |
|||||
Considering specific waste generation factor, the quantity off bio-medical
waste is estimated to be 763 Kg/day. Currently no appropriate system is
available for treatment and disposal of bio-medical waste.
6.10 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN TAJ TRAPEZIUM ZONE
6.10.1 Environmental Management Plan- Taj Trapezium Zone
The action taken on the recommendations of the Environmental Management Plan for Kanpur City , has generated an increasing demand for the spatial planning methodology as a measure for solving the environmental problems due to poor land use compatibility in various spatial scales. Also, it has demanded similar scientific inquiry and comprehensive guideline for addressing the spectrum of environmental issues in the Taj Trapezium Zone. In this context, at the request of the Mission Management Board, Central Pollution Control Board has taken up preparation of Environmental Management Plans for both the Agra City as well as Taj Trapezium Zone. The study is sponsored by World Bank. Lack of a coherent approach in various departments in deciding their priorities and lack of inter-departmental co-ordination due to the absence of a broad guideline and structural adjustment strategy have resulted in poor implementation of various schemes over the years. The situation has called for a base document and Environmental Management Plans for the city (125 Sq.Km) as well as the Environmental Status Report for it’s designated hinterland (covering an area of 10,400 Sq.Km within six districts) are well knit in proportion and could aptly be the much needed documents as the region has a complex cultural landscape superimposed on an equally rich natural landscape.
6.10.2 Environmental Management Plan, Agra City
The study was initiated during 2000-2001 and completed in January 2002. The major recommendations were formulated for taking up the priority projects for curbing air pollution in the city as well as improving the environmental conditions in the immediate neighbourhood of Taj Mahal with follow up and expansion to other areas. Outcome of the study suggests massive face-lift programme in the city by improving the physical infrastructure and able urban management. The important aspects of the recommendations are summarised below.
The findings were presented before the local implementing urban bodies who have used the document as the basis of project formulation. Also the recommendations are being incorporated into the Agra Master Plan, which is currently under preparation.
6.10.3 Taj Ecocity
This is a detailed design study, which will be taken up for an area of about 30 Sq.Km in the close periphery of Taj Mahal. The study is an outcome of the EMP Agra city and it aims at understanding the possibilities of modifying the cityscape by introducing aesthetic elements as well as integrating the natural environment within the built-up areas by means of various micro elements. The goal of the study is to trigger the cyclic resource utilization pattern for an urban micro region so that the results will be visible and can be easily replicated to other parts of the city as well as to other urban areas. In this regard, the consultants appointed by GTZ under the Indo-German bilateral programme are preparing a Pre-feasibility Report.
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