ANNUAL REPORT 2004-2005

AIR AND WATER QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK

WATER QUALITY

5.1 NATIONAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME

The Pollution Control Boards are responsible for restoration and maintaining the wholesomeness of aquatic resources. To ensure that the water quality is being maintained or restored at desired level it is important that the pollution control boards regularly monitor water quality. Water quality monitoring is performed with following main objectives :

For rational planning of pollution control strategies and their prioritisation;

To assess nature and extent of pollution control needed in different water bodies;

To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already in existence;

To evaluate water quality trends over a period of time;

To assess assimilative capacity of a water body thereby reducing cost of pollution control;

To understand the environmental fate of different pollutants.

To assess fitness of water for different uses.

Water quality monitoring is an important exercise which helps in evaluating the nature and extent of pollution control required, and effectiveness of pollution control measures already in existence. It also helps in drawing the water quality trends and prioritising pollution control efforts. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has established a water quality network comprising of 870 stations in 26 States and 5 Union Territories spread over the country. Monitoring is undertaken on monthly or quarterly basis in surface waters and on half yearly basis in case of ground water. The monitoring network covers 189 Rivers, 53 Lakes, 4 Tanks, 2 Ponds, 3 Creeks, 3 Canals, 9 Drains and 218 Wells. Among the 870 stations, 566 are on rivers, 55 on lakes, 10 on drains,12 on canals, 4 on tank, 3 on and creeks,2 on pond and 218 are groundwater stations (Fig.5.1). Presently, the inland water quality-monitoring network is operated under a three-tier programme, Tier I : Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS), Tier II : Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources System and Tier III : Monitoring under Yamuna Action Plan. Water samples are being analysed for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters for ambient water samples apart from the field observations. Besides this, 9 trace metals and 15 pesticides are analysed in selected samples. Biomonitoring is also carried out at specific locations. In view of limited resources, limited number of organic pollution related parameters are chosen for frequent monitoring i.e. monthly or quarterly and major cations, anions, other inorganic ions and micro pollutants (Toxic Metals & POP’s) are analysed once a year to keep track of water quality over a period of time. The water quality data is regularly reported in Water Quality Status Year Book.

During the year 2004-05, 86 new water quality monitoring stations have been sanctioned to ten state pollution control boards. The states where new stations have been sanctioned are Bihar, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Uttaranchal. The water quality network thus extended to 870 location after addition of 86 new stations.

Monitoring Results

The monitoring results obtained during 2004 indicate that organic pollution continues to be the predominant pollution of aquatic resources. Organic pollution measured in terms of bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) & coliform count gives an indication of extent of water quality degradation in different parts of our country. It is observed that nearly 66% of the observations are having BOD less than 3 mg/l, 19% between 3-6 mg/l & 15% above 6 mg/l. Similarly, Total & Faecal coliforms, which indicate presence of pathogens in water, are also a major concern. About 44% observations of Total coliforms and 59% observations of Faecal Coliforms have less than 500 MPN/100 ml.

Water Quality Trend

The trends of percentage observations obtained during 1994-2004 for different levels of pollution with respect to BOD & Total coliforms and Faecal Coliforms are depicted in bar diagram (Fig. 5.2) indicating different ranges of BOD and Coliform organisms. It is clear from the figure that there is a increasing trend in percentage of observations having BOD below 3 mg/l. This indicates that there is a gradual improvement in water quality with respect to organic pollution.

Fig. 5.2 : Water Qualtiy Status & Trend from 1994 To 2004

Status of Water Quality

The water quality data of rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks and groundwater being monitored under the NWMP network for 2002 and 2003 is evaluated against the water quality criteria and the monitoring locations in exceedence with respect to one or more parameters are identified as polluted and require action for restoration of water quality. The water quality status of various water bodies are as below.

Water quality of river Beas at D/s of Pathankot and Mukerian and river Satluj at D/s of Budhanala in Ludhiana, at Boat Bridge Dharmkotnakodar Road and at D/S of East Bein in Jallandhar found deteriorated and degraded as compared to stipulated requirement.

River Ganga at downstream of Narora, Kannauj, Varanasi, Kanpur, Bahrampur, Dakshineshwar and Uluberia is not meeting the desired water quality for bathing as well as organized water supply for drinking purpose. The water quality of river Yamuna is deteriorated after the intake point of Warzirabad Barrage and not suitable for beneficial uses for over 500 km that extends beyond Etawah. The potable water supply at Agra is badly affected due to high BOD and Ammonia in the river Yamuna. Other tributaries having higher concentration of pollutants are Hindon near Pura Mahadev town and Ghaziabad; Kalinadi (tributary of river Hindon) at downstream of Muzzafarrnagar; river Kali (tributary of river Ganga) at Meerut, Modinagar, Hapur, Bulandshahar and Gulaothi. River Chambal at Nagda, Kota and Rameshwarghat (Sawaimadhopur) is polluted. River Khan at Kabit Khedi near Indore, river Kshipra at Ramghat (Ujjain) and Triveni Sangam; River Tons at Madhavgarh; Mandakini at Chitrakoot; River Betwa before confluence to Yamuna at Hamirpur; and River Sone at Koelwar in Bihar. River Damodar near Mujher mana village, after confluence of Tamla Nallah, at Haldia Downstream, Barakar at Asansol and the Rupnarayan at Geonkhali before confluence to River Ganga; Ramganga at Kannuj; and Gomti at Lucknow downstream are not meeting the desired criteria.

The mainstream of River Brahmaputra is relatively clean, however its tributaries Full Nagarjan, Teesta, Digboi, Bharalu, Bhogdoi, Deepar Bill, Dickchu, Maney Khola and Ranichu are polluted.

River Mahi is conforming to the desired water quality at all the monitoring locations.

River Sabarmati is grossly polluted in the reach of Ahmedabad to Vautha. water quality of mainstream of Sabarmati and tributary streams Shedi and Khari is acidic in some reaches with very high COD, BOD, Total and Faecal Coliforms, Conductivity and very low DO. The acidicity of river water is attributed to industrial wastewater discharges.

The mainstream of River Narmada and tributary stream Chota Tawa are confirming to water quality for all the criteria parameters.

The water quality of mainstream of river Tapi is exceeding criteria limits at Uphad village, Ajnad village, Bhusawal upstream. and river Girna at Malegaon and Jalgaon.

The water quality of mainstream of Mahanadi does not meet the criteria with respect to BOD at downstream of Paradeep, Cuttack and Sambhalpur due to discharge of untreated sewage from cities of Cuttack and Sambhalpur. The Water Quality of tributary stream Seonath, Hasdeo,Ib, Kathjodi and Birupa are complying the water quality criteria. Other streams such as Kharoon, Kuakhai downstream of Bhubaneshwar and Kathajodi downstream of Cuttack are not meeting the water quality criteria limit in respect of BOD and Total Coliform.

The water quality of mainstream of Brahmani with respect to BOD,Total coliform and Faecal Coliform is exceeding the criteria limit at downstream of Pamposh, Rourkela and Kamalanga due to wastewater discharges from the industrial and residential complexes of Rourkela,Talcher, Bhuban and Dharamashala. The water quality of tributary streams Sankh, Koel and Karo are meeting the criteria with respect to indicators of organic and bacterial pollution. The water quality of major tributary streams Baitarni is exceeding the criteria at Chandbali and Dhamra . The Total coliform does not meet the criteria at Anandpur, Jajpur , Chandbali and Dhamra.

BOD is exceeding the criteria in river Subarnarekha at Jamshedpur whereas the Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform number are quite high at Rajghat that indicate sewage discharges in the river.

The water quality of river Godavari at downstream of Nasik and Nanded in Maharashtra and at Rajahmundry downstream in Andhra Pradesh does not meet the criteria due to proximity of large city. The Water Quality of tributaries streams Wainganga at ashti and at Balaghat; river Nira at Pulgaon Cotton Mills, Wardha, river Wardha at Rajura Bridge, river Maner at Somnapalli, river Panchavati at Ramkund and river Manjeera near Ganapathi Sugars, Medak District, Andhra Pradesh are not meeting the criteria for BOD.

River Krishna does not meet the water quality criteria at Karad, Sangli and Hamsaladeevi, Devasagar Bridge in Karnataka, at downstream of Narayanpura Dam, at Tintini Bridge, at Thangadi, at Gadwal Bridge and at Wadapally. River Bhima at Pune downstream of Bundgarden, at Pune upstream, at Pargaon after confluence with Mula and Mutha, River Bhima after confluence with river Daund at Takli; River Panchganga at Ichalkaranji, river Nira at Sarole Bridge, river Tunga D/S of Shimoga Town, Bhadra at Maleshwaram D/S of KIOCL, Bhadra at D/S of Bhadravati and river Musi at upstream and downstream of Hyderabad are potentially polluted locations having higher BOD levels.

River Pennar is meeting the desired water quality criteria at all locations.

The Water Quality of River Cauvery is not meeting the desired water quality criteria at Bhavani, Pallipalyam, Erode, Velore, Mohanur, Tiruchirapalli Downstream, Trichy, Pitchavaram, and Kushal Nagar. The water quality of tributary streams Hemavati, Shimsa, Arkavati, Lakshmantirtha, Kabbani, Bhavani and Amravati indicates that DO is not meeting the water quality criteria at Bhavani, at Sirumugai and at Bhavani Sagar; and river Arkavati at Kanakpura downstream with respect to BOD.

River Damanganga at Kachigaon Downstream, Par in Vapi, Ambika, Kolak, Amlakheri at Ankleshwar, Bhadar and Mindola are not meeing the criteria for one or the other parameters. The water of river Amlakhadi was found acidic as the minimum pH was observed as 1.7. River Zuari and Mandovi are relatively clean rivers and are meeting the criteria parameters. River Patalganga at Shilphata, river Ulhas upstream Badlapur, Patalganga near intake of MIDC waterwaorks, Bhatsa at D/s of Pise Dam and Kalu at Atale village are not meeting the criteria due to higher level of BOD in these rivers. The rivers in Kerala are meeting the criteria limit for BOD except in river Karmana at Moonnathmukku. The bacterial pollution is observed in almost all the rivers. BOD observed more than criteria limit in river Nagavali at Jaykaypur, Rushikulya at Ganjam downstream, Arasalar at Karaikal (Pondicherry), Tambiraparni at all the locations from Papavinasam to Arumuganeri and in Palar at Vaniyambadi are found polluted due to higher levels of BOD. The river Ghagger is grossly polluted at majority of monitoring locations such as at Ratanhedi D/s of Patiala Nadi, at D/s of confluence of with river Saraswati, at Moonak, upstream of Sardulgarh and at downstream of Sardulgarh downstream due to the discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater. River Nambul at Hump Bridge, at Heirangoithong (Manipur), River Umtrew at Byrnihat East, River Kharkhala near Sutnga Khlieriat,Jayantia Hills, River Ganol at Tura and River Myntdu at Jowai (Meghalaya) have been observed as polluted due to high level of Biochenmical Oxygen Demand (BOD).

Lakes and Tanks having high concentration of organic matter and not meeting the standard limits for BOD are Hussain Sagar lake, Dharamsagar tank, Bibinagar lake, Kistarareddypet tank, Saroornagar lake, Pulicate lake, Gandhigudem tank, Heballa Valley lake, Kayamkula lake, Kodungalloor lake, Osteri lake, Bahour lake, Udhagamandalam lake, Kodaikanal lake, Periyar lake, Vembanad lake, Ashthamudi lake and Paravur lake. Lakes and Tanks having very low DO and high BOD that does not meet the water quality criteria limits are Kankoria Lake, Chandola lake, Pichola Lake, Udaisagar lake, Fatehsagar lake, Kayalna lake, Nakki lake, Pushkar lake, Lower lake Bhopal, Renuka lake, Harike lake, Naini lake, Ramgarh lake, Rabindra Sarobar lake, Elangabeel System, Goy Sagar Tank, Loktak lake at Sendra, Umiam lake at Barapani, Ward Lake at Shillong, Thadlaskena lake and Laxminarayan Bari Place Lake.

The groundwater monitoring locations observed with high conductivity which exceeds water quality criteria for irrigation are observed at Ramagundam, Bollaram Panchayat Office, Pashamaylam, Vishakhapatnam (near Rama Temple) and Kakinada (near Pratap Nagar Bridge) in Andhra Pradesh; Nerol in Gujarat; Alwaye in Kerala; Circuit house, old police Barracks, Ottavathilpalli, near Helipad, MPSAF Quarters and Government Press in Lakshadweep; along Chunamber river in Pondicherry and Pali, Jodhpur and Vidhani Village (Jaipur) in Rajasthan. Groundwater locations with BOD levels higher than the criteria are at Vijayawada, NTPC ash pond- kundanpally, Bibi nagar Primary school, Rudravally, near Tungabhadra river in Kurnool and Nandyal in Andhra Pradesh; Karbianglong and Bongaigaon in Assam; Kala Amb, Barotiwala and Paonta Sahib in Himachal Pradesh; JB School, Kadatpalli, near SB School, Ottavathilpalli and Chakikilum in Lakshadweep; Collector Well in Thirupuvanam and along Chunamber river in Pondicherry; near Kansua Nallah in Kota, Pali town, Jodhpur in Rajasthan; IOC Refinery Haldia, Barasat municipality in North 24 Parganas in West Bengal. Total coliforms are exceeding the criteria limits in groundwater locations in Silcher, Barpeta, Bongaigaon, Sibsagar, Guwahati in Assam, Chekkillam, Government press and old Police Barrack in Lakshadweep. pH is observed in acidic range at Kundra in Kollam, Punkunnam in Trissur, Kalamassery in Ernakulam, Punalur and Kannur in Kerala; and Capital hospital in Bhubaneshwar Orissa.

Major factors responsible for Water quality degradation

Domestic sewage, the major source of pollution in India in surface water, contributes pathogens, the main source of water borne diseases along with depletion of dissolved oxygen in water bodies.

There are 423 class I cities and 498 class II cities harbouring population of 22.2 Crores generating about 26254 mld of wastewater of which only 7044 mld is treated (Fig. 5.3). A large part of the domestic sewage is not even collected. This results in stagnation of sewage within city, a good breeding ground for mosquitoes, thereby contaminating groundwater, the only source of drinking water in many cities. It is estimated that about 15438 mld of industrial wastewater is generated from industrial sources. Nearly 60% of this is generated from large & medium industries, which have adopted adequate treatment facilities. Remaining 40% of industrial wastewater is generated from small scale industries. Where treatment of wastewater is not largely adopted. The availability of treated effluent is regulated under the provision of Water Act, 1974 by ther concerned State Pollution Control Boards. At certain streches of rivers, the industrial effluent are also meeting the rivers.

Central Pollution Control Board has taken collective action alongwith State Pollution Control Board with regard to highly polluting categories of industries and identified industries discharging effluents directly into rivers/lakes and other water bodies without requisite treatment. Specific actions are undertaken against such industries through State Pollution Control Board. There are special pollution control enforcement drives for 17 catogories of highly polluting industries on adopting pollution control measures. A mutually agreed programme is implemented for control of pollution under Corporate Responsibility on Environemnt Protection (CREP). Some other efforts include environmental audit compliance monitoring. Common effluent treatment for small scale industries, "Ecomark", incentives for adoptiong pollution control measures.

5.2 WATER QUALITY STATUS OF RIVER YAMUNA

Central Pollution Control Board is regularly monitoring the entire 1376 km stretch of River Yamuna under a National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD/MoEF) sponsored project and National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWQMP). There are19 sampling locations from the origin of Yamuna River at Yamunotri to its confluence with Ganga River at Allahabad.

The entire stretch of Yamuna River can be segregated into five distinct segments/ stretches based on water quality, ecological and hydro-geo-morphological characteristics. These stretches are Himalayan stretch, Upper Stretch, Delhi Stretch, Mixed stretch & Diluted Stretch. The water quality characteristics in these stretches of River Yamuna are depicted in Table 5.1:

Table 5.1: Water Quality Characteristics of Various Segment//Stretches of River Yamuna

S. No.	River Stretch	Stretch details	Trophic status		pH	Dissolved Oxygen mg/l	Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/l	Total Coliform Nos./100 ml	Faecal Coliform Nos./100 ml
1.	Himalayan Stretch	172 km from origin to Hathnikund barrage	Oligotrophic	Min	6.83	7.2	1	1200	70
				Max	8.89	10.8	3	170000	10200
				Av	-	9.2	1	38423	2448
2.	Upper stretch	224 km from Hathnikund barrage to Wazirabad barrage	Mesotrophic	Min	7.03	6.3	1	4200	140
				Max	8.91	10.7	8	3100000	139000
				Av	-	8.1	3	338481	16557
3.	Delhi stretch	22 km from Wazirabad barrage to Okhla barrage	Septic	Min	7.09	0.0	6	530000	160000
				Max	8.82	1.4	49	340000000	46000000
				Av	-	0.1	22-8	36005417	7267917
4.	Mixed stretch	930 km Okhla barrage to river Chambal confluence	Mesotrophic/ Eutrophic/ Septic	Min	7.24	0.0	3	29000	1800
				Max	9.04	19.5	40	1103000000	47000000
				Av	-	7.4	12	23746071	1813017
5.	Diluted stretch	628 km River Chambal confluence to river Ganga confluence	Mesotrophic/ Eutrophic	Min	7.40	5.7	2	7000	1700
				Max	8.84	11.1	10	4800000	510000
				Av	-	8.8	5	640467	59320

Water quality status at river Yamuna during the year 2004 reflects that Delhi stretch is severely polluted followed by mixed stretch and the remaining three stretches viz. Himalayan stretch, upper stretch and diluted stretch are either clean or less polluted. The Total coliforms in the entire river stretch is significantly high and generally does not conform to designated criteria. Bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) in Himalayan stretch remains within to limit of 3 mg/l, while at upper and diluted stretch the BOD level often violates the limit, in Delhi stretch the BOD values remain above the limit.

Water Quality trend of river Yamuna reflects that there is no change in BOD concentration in upper stretch and mixed stretch, whereas there is slight increase in BOD levels in upper and diluted stretches. The BOD level in Delhi stretch records significant increase. Trend of coliform levels indicates decrease in Total coliforms and increase in faecal coliforms in Himalayan, Upper and Diluted stretch, whereas the Coliform trend is reverse in Delhi Stretch i.e. increase in Total Coliforms and decrease in Faecal coliforms. A declining trend of coliforms is observed in mixed stretch.

The annual average of DO in the entire River Yamuna Stretch was in the range of 0.0 to 11.1 mg/l, the BOD varies from 1 to 27.8 mg/l, while Total coliforms ranged between 21525 & 136135833 Nos./100 ml (Fig. 5.4 to 5.6).

Table 5.2: Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Coliform Level (Annual Average) at various Locations of River Yamuna

S. No.	Locations	Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l)	BOD (mg/l)	Total Coliform (Nos./100 ml)
1.	Yamunotri	9.4	1.0	55000
2.	Shyana Chetti	9.4	1.0	101000
3.	Lakhwar Dam	9.6	1.0	21525
4.	Dak Pathar	9.9	2.0	37000
5.	Hathnikund	8.9	1.5	37933
6.	Kalanaur	8.6	1.9	348267
7.	Sonepat	7.8	3.2	604833
8.	Palla	7.9	2.6	62342
9.	Nizamuddin Bridge	0.0	27.8	63625000
10.	Agra Canal	0.3	17.8	8385833
11.	Mazawali	4.5	17.7	11666667
12.	Mathura U/s	6.0	7.9	2151917
13.	Mathura D/s	6.2	8.8	3113333
14.	Agra U/s	9.3	10.8	813333
15.	Agra D/s	6.9	16.7	136135833
16.	Bateshwar	7.9	11.4	9426417
17.	Etawah	11.1	10.0	29150000
18.	Juhika	9.4	5.3	324273
19.	Allahabad	7.1	3.0	1510000

5.3 POLLUTION LOAD CONTRIBUTION TO RIVER YAMUNA AND CANAL AT DELHI

The urban agglomeration at Delhi is the main source of pollution in River Yamuna. It is estimated that about 79% of Total pollution load that Yamuna River receives is contributed by Delhi. There are 21 major drains, which carry treated, partially treated or untreated wastewater from both domestic and industrial sources. Out of these 21 drains, 17 drains join River Yamuna directly through outfalls and remaining four join Canals. These wastewater drains carry significantly high organic pollution load (BOD load), which after mixing with river water further deplete already scarce Dissolved Oxygen and causes anaerobic condition.

The Central Pollution Control Board, as a follow up of the Hon’ble Supreme Court direction in the case of news item on "Maili Yamuna" (Writ petition (Civil) No. 725 of 1994) is regularly monitoring these 21 wastewater drains on monthly basis since August, 1999. During the year 2004, the total discharge and BOD load of these drains was 41.99 m³/sec and 240.37 tonnes/day (Table 5.3). As depicted in Fig. 5.7 there is a reduction of about 38% in BOD load transported by these drains during the period between the year 2000 to 2004. This reduction in the BOD load may be either due to increased operational capacity of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) or their enhanced treatment performance or diversion of treated / partially treated wastewater or improved sanitary conditions in the city.

Table 5.3: Pollution Load discharged by Drains to River Yamuna and Canals in NCT - Delhi

S. No.	Drains	Flow m³/sec	BOD Load Tonnes/day
1.	Najafgarh Drain	20.68	76.47
2.	Magazine Road	0.07	1.86
3.	Sweepers Colony	0.13	1.74
4.	Khyber Pass	0.13	0.08
5.	Metcalf Drain	0.09	0.43
6.	Mori Gate Drain	0.39	3.01
7.	Tonga Stand	0.09	0.88
8.	Civil Mill Drain	0.52	11.87
9.	Power House	0.56	11.88
10.	Sen Nursing Home	1.01	14.71
11.	Drain No. 12 A	0.04	0.07
12.	Drain No. 14	0.37	1.54
13.	Barapulla Drain	1.35	8.38
14.	Maharani Bagh	0.74	15.76
15.	Kalkaji Drain (Joins Agra Canal)	0.03	0.13
16.	Tuglakabad	0.31	1.57
17.	Shahdara Drain	7.05	44.57
18.	Sarita Vihar (Joins Agra canal)	0.75	20.18
19.	Drain Near LPG Plant	0.41	3.05
20.	Drain Near Bridge Sarita Vihar (Joins Agra Canal)	6.64	20.45
21.	Tehkhand (Joins Gurgaon canal)	0.13	1.75
Total		41.49	240.37

5.4 SURVEY OF YAMUNA RIVER AND ITS POLLUTING SOURCES BETWEEN DELHI-OKHLA BARRAGE AND AGRA- OLD WATER WORKS

The district administration of Agra informed CPCB about water quality deterioration in Yamuna River at the intake of two Water Works in Agra mainly due to high organic matter and ammonia resulting in increase in chlorine demand at the water works. Officers of CPCB conducted a detailed survey of the Yamuna River and major outfalls between d/s-Okhla barrage and Agra-old Water Works during last week of December 2004. All river and drain samples were analysed for pH, DO, BOD, COD, Nitrogen, TDS, Chloride, and Alkalinity.

Yamuna River, which has very little flow downstream of Okhla barrage, is subjected to very high organic and nitrogen pollution due to discharge of sewage/wastewater from Delhi, Ghaziabad, Noida and Faridabad within first 39 km of the 280 km stretch studied. It is observed that under such conditions Yamuna River fails to purify itself for a long distance. Dissolved Oxygen remains absent or negligible up to a distance of about 173 km. Nitrogen levels in Yamuna are abnormally high as compared to other rivers and, after initial reduction, appear to be somewhat stable due probably to further addition of nitrogen from natural and agricultural sources. Study of this stretch highlights the necessity for utilization of sewage for irrigation to prevent nutrient pollution of receiving stream. Study also highlights the fact that if a river is overloaded with organic and nutrient pollution and at the same time, due to over abstraction of water, is deprived of minimal flow necessary for dilution and self purification, the river takes much longer time to recover because of nutrient spiraling and autochthonous production of organic matter.

Yamuna River is the only source of water supply for urban area of Agra hence special measures will have to be taken to solve the problem of pollution in this stretch of Yamuna River. CPCB has recommended several short and long term measures in the report of above study to solve the problem of polluted raw water supply at Agra Water Works. Recommendations include utilization of sewage of Delhi, Ghaziabad, Noida Vrindavan, Mathura and Faridabad and wastewater of Burhia ka nala drain (Haryana), Goochi drain (Haryana), Mathura refinery, Goverdhan drain for irrigation purposes, tapping of 8 sewage drains of Agra located upstream of old Water Works and education of farmers along the Yamuna for scientific use of nitrogenous fertilizers. Report also recommends releasing of Ganga water into Yamuna through Harnal escape as a short term measure and for providing Ganga water for Agra drinking water supply through dedicated pipeline as a long term measure.

Study of this stretch highlights the necessity for utilization of sewage for irrigation/on-land application as emphasized in section 17(i) and 17(j) of Water Act 1974 to prevent nutrient pollution of receiving streams.

5.5 PREPARATION OF A DRAFT MANUAL ON PROFILE OF RIVERS INDICATING ALL MAIN FEATURES ALONG RIVERS WITH KM STONE

A draft manual on profile of rivers has been prepared in which, similar to road and railway network, all features along rivers are assigned km stone, starting from its ultimate confluence as 0 km to upstream. The features which are assigned km stones along length of rivers are (i) sampling stations under National Water quality Monitoring Program (NWMP), (ii) point of confluence of tributaries (or point of confluence of sub tributaries in case of tributaries) and (iii)cities/towns. This manual will be very useful for people involved in river-monitoring and river-pollution control in various ways such as:

It will help in plotting DO, BOD, FC, TC or any other pollutants’ profiles of rivers proportionate to actual distances between consecutive sampling stations and help true depiction and interpretation of river-monitoring data.

It will help in better assessment of total length and polluted length of rivers.

It will help in identifying sources of pollution (tributaries/sub tributaries and cities/towns) responsible for pollution in a particular stretch.

It will help in precisely identifying and upgrading every year with ease the Most Polluted Stretches by way of comparing a particular pollution parameter (say BOD max) for last few years in the same database.

It will provide a large set of information for digitization when use of GIS is started in NWMP.

5.6 WATER QUALITY STATUS OF RIVER GANGA

Central Pollution Control Board, Zonal Office ,North is regularly monitoring River Ganga twice in a month from u/s Allahabad up to Tarighat i.e. Ganga a/c of River Gomti (under NRCD project). With reference to designated best use classification (CPCB), the entire stretch of R. Ganga from Haridwar to Tarighat has been designated as conforming to category B, which implies that water quality should be fit for uses like bathing, swimming, water contact sport. In case of River Yamuna, for which water quality is monitored at Allahabad, the water quality must conform to Category B and the uses discussed above. The status of water quality as observed in different phases of monitoring is as below

Season wise observation in water quality of River Ganga in year 2004 is presented in Figs. 5.11 to 5.13.

Legend :

River Ganga u/s Allahabad

River Yamuna b/c with River Ganga

Bathing Ghat at Sangam

River Tons b/c with River Ganga

River Ganga d/s Allahabad ¼ width

River Ganga d/s Allahabad ½ width

River Ganga at Pakka Ghat Vindhyachal

River Ganga u/s Varanasi

River Ganga at Dashashwamedh Ghat

River Ganga near Malviya Bridge at Varanasi

River Varuna b/c with River Ganga

River Ganga d/s Varanasi ¼ width

River Ganga d/s Varanasi ½ width

River Gomti b/c with River Ganga

River Ganga d/s Varanasi at Tarighat

The D.O. observed in the complete stretch was more than 5 mg/lt i.e. well within the limit to conform to water quality as class ‘B’ whereas in River Varuna DO was found below 5 mg/l. The River works as a drain to carry the effluent of Dinapur STP and few drains of Varanasi.

In terms of BOD, the entire stretch does not conform to water quality under class ’B’ specially in summer season as the BOD limit in this class permits up to only 3 mg/lt.

At all other locations water quality has been mainly affected by high concentration of coliforms.

As a significant observation, the poor water quality observed at Sangam in Allahabad and Dashashwamedh ghat (Varanasi), where high BOD (4.5 mg/l) has rendered the water unfit for bathing.

AIR QUALITY

5.7 NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME (NAMP)

Central Pollution Control Board is executing a nation-wide programme of ambient air quality monitoring known as National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP). The network consist of 326 monitoring stations covering 116 cities/towns in 28 States and 4 Union Territories of the country. The objectives of the NAMP are to determine status and trends of ambient air quality; to ascertain whether the prescribed ambient air quality standards are violated, to assess health hazards and damage to materials; to continue ongoing process of producing periodic evaluation of air pollution situation in urban and industrial areas of the country; to obtain knowledge and understanding necessary for developing preventive and corrective measures; to understand the natural cleansing process through pollution dilution, dispersion, wind based movement, dry deposition, precipitation and chemical transformation of pollutants generated.

Under NAMP, four air pollutants viz., Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂), Oxides of Nitrogen as NO₂ and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM/PM₁₀), have been identified for regular monitoring at all the locations. The monitoring of meteorological parameters such as wind speed and direction, relative humidity and temperature was also integrated with the monitoring of air quality. . The monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24 hours (4-hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants and 8-hourly sampling for particulate matter) with a frequency of twice a week, to have 104 observations in a years. The monitoring is being carried out with the association of Central Pollution Control Board Zonal Offices; State Pollution Control Boards: Pollution Control Committees; National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur: and other research institutions/universities etc. CPCB co-ordinates with these agencies to ensure the uniformity, consistency of air quality data and provides technical and financial support to them for operating the monitoring station.

5.8 AIR QUALITY STATUS

Major findings of the ambient air quality monitoring carried out during the year 2003 are presented in this chapter.

Air Quality Assessment

The air quality of different cities/towns has been compared with the respective NAAQS. The air quality has been categorized into four broad categories based on an Exceedence Factor (the ratio of annual mean concentration of a pollutant to that of a respective standard). The Exceedence Factor (EF) is calculated as follows:

Observed annual mean concentration of criteria pollutant
Exceedence Factor = -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Annual standard for the respective pollutant and area class

The four air quality categories are:

Critical pollution (C) : when EF is more than 1.5;
High pollution (H) : when the EF is between 1.0 - 1.5;
Moderate pollution (M) : when the EF between 0.5 - 1.0; and
Low pollution (L): when the EF is less than 0.5.

It is obvious from the above categorization, that the locations in either of the first two categories are actually violating the standards, although, with varying magnitude. Those, falling in the third category are meeting the standards as of now but likely to violate the standards in future if pollution continues to increase and is not controlled. However, the locations in Low pollution category have a rather pristine air quality and such areas are to be maintained at low pollution level by way of adopting preventive and control measures of air pollution.

Ambient air quality monitoring was carried out at 201 monitoring stations during 2003. Adequate data for annual average concentration (with 50 and more days of monitoring) for SO₂ was received for 182 stations and adequate data for NO₂ was received for 180 stations. Adequate data for RSPM was received for 166 stations and adequate data for SPM was received for 160 monitoring stations. The details of number of stations for which data was inadequate for annual average concentration are given in Table 5.4. The ambient air quality status of various cities/towns is given in Table 5.7.

Table 5.4 Details of Monitoring Stations where Ambient Air Quality Monitoring was Carried out during the year 2003

Area type	Number of monitoring stations
	Aadequate data				Inadequate data
	SO₂	NO₂	RSPM	SPM	SO₂	NO₂	RSPM	SPM
Residential	105	104	96	91	5	6	8	18
Industrial	76	75	69	68	7	8	7	12
Sensitive	1	1	1	1	-	-	-	-
Total	182	180	166	160	12	14	15	30

Table 5.5: Ambient Air Quality in India during the year 2003

Pollution level

Annual Mean Concentration Range (µg/m³)

Industrial (I)

Residential (R)

SO₂& NO₂

RSPM

SPM

SO_2,NO_2,& RSPM

SPM

Low (L)

0-40

0-60

0-180

0-30

0-70

Moderate (M)

40-80

60-120

180-360

30-60

70-140

High (H)

80-120

120-180

360-540

60-90

140-210

Critical (C)

>120

>180

>540

>90

>210

STATE, UT / CITY

SO₂

NO₂

RSPM

SPM

AREA CLASS

Andhra Pradesh

Hyderabad

Visakhapatnam

Assam

Guwahati

Bihar

Patna

Chattisgarh

Bhilai

Korba

Raipur

Chandigarh

Chandigarh

Delhi

Delhi

Gujarat

Ahmedabad

Ankleshwar

Jamnagar

Rajkot

Surat

Vadodara

Vapi

Goa

Ponda

Himachal Pradesh

Damtal

Parwanoo

Paonta Sahib

Shimla

STATE, UT / CITY	SO₂		NO₂		RSPM		SPM
AREA CLASS	I	R	I	R	I	R	I	R
Haryana
Faridabad	L	L	L	L	-	-	H	C
Jharkhand
Dhanbad		L		H	-	-		C
Jharia	L	-	M	-	-	-	M	-
Sindri	L	-	M	-	-	-	M	-
Jamshedpur	M	-	M	-	-	-	M	-
Karnataka
Bangalore	L	L	L	M	L	H	L	H
Mysore	L	L	L	L	L	M	L	M
Kerala
Kochi	L	L	L	L	M	H	L	M
Kottayam	L	L	L	L	L	H	-	-
Kozhikode	L	L	L	L	L	M	L	M
Thiruvananthapuram	L	L	L	L	H	C	-	-
Palakad	L	-	L	-	L	-	M	-
Maharashtra
Mumbai	L	L	L	L	M	H	M	C
Chandrapur	L	L	L	M	M	H	M	H
Nagpur	L	L	L	L	M	H	M	C
Nashik	L	L	L	L	M	C	L	C
Pune	L	M	L	H	M	C	M	C
Solapur	L	L	M	M	H	C	H	C
Thane	L	L	L	L	M	M	-	-
Madhya Pradesh
Bhopal	L	L	L	L	M	H	-	-
Indore	-	L	-	M	H	C	-	-
Jabalpur	-	L	-	L	-	H	-	-
Nagda	L	L	L	M	H	C	-	-
Satna	L	L	L	L	C	C	-	-
Meghalaya
Shillong	-	L	-	L	-	H	-	M
Nagaland
Dimapur	-	-	-	-	-	H	-	M
Orissa
Angul	L	L	L	L	M	M	L	M
Rourkela	-	L	-	L	-	H	-	H
Talcher	L	-	L	-	M	-	L	-
Rayagada	L	L	L	L	M	M	L	M
Pondicherry
Pondicherry	L	L	L	L	M	M	L	M

STATE, UT / CITY	SO₂		NO₂		RSPM		SPM
AREA CLASS	I	R	I	R	I	R	I	R
Punjab
Gobindgarh	L	-	L	-	C	-	C	-
Jalandhar	-	L	-	L	C	C	-	-
Ludhiana	L	L	L	M	C	C	-	-
Rajasthan
Alwar	L	L	L	M	H	C	M	C
Jaipur	L	L	L	M	H	C	H	C
Kota	L	L	L	L	M	C	M	C
Udaipur	L	L	M	M	M	H	H	C
Jodhpur	L	L	L	L	H	C	M	C
Tamil Nadu
Chennai	L	L	L	L	M	H	M	H
Coimbatore	L	L	M	M	L	M	L	M
Madurai	L	L	L	L	M	C	L	C
Salem	-	L	-	M	-	M	-	L
Tuticorin	L	L	L	L	L	M	L	L
Uttaranchal
Dehradun	-	L	-	L	-	-	-	C
Uttar Pradesh
Agra	L	L	L	L	-	-	H	C
Anpara	L	-	L	-	H	-	M	-
Gajroula	L	-	L	-	M	-	H	-
Kanpur	L	L	L	L	C	C	H	C
Lucknow	L	L	L	L	C	C	H	C
Noida	-	-	-	-	C	-	H	-
Varanasi	-	L	-	L	-	C	-	C
West Bengal
Haldia	L	-	L	-	M	-	L	-
Howrah	L	L	H	M	H	H	M	H
Kolkata	L	L	H	H	H	C	M	C

Status of Air Pollutants

Sulphur Dioxide levels (Annual Average Concentration)

Number of monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas in various ranges of annual average concentration is depicted in Fig. 5.14. National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) (annual average) was not exceeded at any monitoring station in residential and industrial areas. SO₂ levels at 78% of the monitoring stations in industrial areas and 93% of the monitoring stations in residential areas were less than 20 m g/m³. Table 5.6 shows top ten locations in terms of annual average concentration of sulphur dioxide in residential and industrial areas. The highest concentration in residential area was observed at monitoring station located at Nal Stop, Pune and highest concentration in industrial area was observed at monitoring station located at Bistupur Vehicle Testing Center, Jamshedpur during 2003, although SO₂ levels at none of the monitoring stations exceeded the NAAQS (Annual average).

Fig 5.14: Number of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Annual Average Concentration of SO₂.

Table 5.6 Ten locations having highest concentration of Sulphur Dioxide during year 2003

S. No	Industrial Areas			Residential Areas
S. No	Location	State	Annual Average conc. (µg/m³)	Location	State	Annual Average conc. (µg/m³)
1	Bistupur Vehicle Testing Center, Jamshedpur	Jharkhand	47	Nal Stop, Pune	Maharashtra	36
2.	Golmuri Vehicle Training Centre, Jamshedpur	Jharkhand	42	Swargate, Pune	Maharashtra	34
3.	Raunaq Auto Ltd, Gajraula	Uttar Pradesh	39	Nashik Municipal Council, Nashik	Maharashtra	30
4.	Chem. Div. Labour Club, Nagda	Madhya Pradesh	37	RTO Colony Tank, Nasik	Maharashtra	27
5.	Bhosari, Pune	Maharashtra	32	Grasim Kalyan Kendra, Nagda	Madhya Pradesh	22
6	GEB III Phase, GIDC, Vapi	Gujarat	27	Visak Hostel, Sector 4, Bhilai	Chattisgarh	22
7.	CETP, Nandesari, Vadodara	Gujarat	27	Vapi Nagar Palika, Vapi	Gujarat	20
8.	Kathivakkam Municipal Kalyan Mandapam, Chennai	Tamil Nadu	26	Chitale Clinic, Solapur	Maharashtra	20
9.	VIP Industrial Area, MIDC, Satpura, Nasik	Maharashtra	26	Cadilla Bridge, Narole, Ahmedabad	Gujarat	19
10.	MP Laghu Udyog Nigam Ltd., Bhilai	Chhattisgarh	26	City Dandia Bazaar, Vadodara	Gujarat	19

STATE, UT / CITY	SO₂		NO₂		RSPM		SPM
AREA CLASS	I	R	I	R	I	R	I	R
Punjab
Gobindgarh	L	-	L	-	C	-	C	-
Jalandhar	-	L	-	L	C	C	-	-
Ludhiana	L	L	L	M	C	C	-	-
Rajasthan
Alwar	L	L	L	M	H	C	M	C
Jaipur	L	L	L	M	H	C	H	C
Kota	L	L	L	L	M	C	M	C
Udaipur	L	L	M	M	M	H	H	C
Jodhpur	L	L	L	L	H	C	M	C
Tamil Nadu
Chennai	L	L	L	L	M	H	M	H
Coimbatore	L	L	M	M	L	M	L	M
Madurai	L	L	L	L	M	C	L	C
Salem	-	L	-	M	-	M	-	L
Tuticorin	L	L	L	L	L	M	L	L
Uttaranchal
Dehradun	-	L	-	L	-	-	-	C
Uttar Pradesh
Agra	L	L	L	L	-	-	H	C
Anpara	L	-	L	-	H	-	M	-
Gajroula	L	-	L	-	M	-	H	-
Kanpur	L	L	L	L	C	C	H	C
Lucknow	L	L	L	L	C	C	H	C
Noida	-	-	-	-	C	-	H	-
Varanasi	-	L	-	L	-	C	-	C
West Bengal
Haldia	L	-	L	-	M	-	L	-
Howrah	L	L	H	M	H	H	M	H
Kolkata	L	L	H	H	H	C	M	C

Status of Air Pollutants

Sulphur Dioxide levels (Annual Average Concentration)

Fig 5.14: Number of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Annual Average Concentration of SO₂.

Table 5.6 Ten locations having highest concentration of Sulphur Dioxide during year 2003

S. No	Industrial Areas			Residential Areas
S. No	Location	State	Annual Average conc. (µg/m³)	Location	State	Annual Average conc. (µg/m³)
1	Bistupur Vehicle Testing Center, Jamshedpur	Jharkhand	47	Nal Stop, Pune	Maharashtra	36
2.	Golmuri Vehicle Training Centre, Jamshedpur	Jharkhand	42	Swargate, Pune	Maharashtra	34
3.	Raunaq Auto Ltd, Gajraula	Uttar Pradesh	39	Nashik Municipal Council, Nashik	Maharashtra	30
4.	Chem. Div. Labour Club, Nagda	Madhya Pradesh	37	RTO Colony Tank, Nasik	Maharashtra	27
5.	Bhosari, Pune	Maharashtra	32	Grasim Kalyan Kendra, Nagda	Madhya Pradesh	22
6	GEB III Phase, GIDC, Vapi	Gujarat	27	Visak Hostel, Sector 4, Bhilai	Chattisgarh	22
7.	CETP, Nandesari, Vadodara	Gujarat	27	Vapi Nagar Palika, Vapi	Gujarat	20
8.	Kathivakkam Municipal Kalyan Mandapam, Chennai	Tamil Nadu	26	Chitale Clinic, Solapur	Maharashtra	20
9.	VIP Industrial Area, MIDC, Satpura, Nasik	Maharashtra	26	Cadilla Bridge, Narole, Ahmedabad	Gujarat	19
10.	MP Laghu Udyog Nigam Ltd., Bhilai	Chhattisgarh	26	City Dandia Bazaar, Vadodara	Gujarat	19

Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average)

Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly average) of SO₂ is depicted in Fig. 5.15. At all the monitoring stations, the percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly average) was less than 2%.

Summary of Air Quality with reference to SO₂

Number of monitoring stations with low and moderate levels of SO₂ is depicted in Fig. 5.16. SO₂ levels at most of the monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas were low. The NAAQS (Annual average) of SO₂ was not exceeded at any of the monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas during year 2003.

Fig. 5.15 Number of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24-hrly avg.) of SO₂.

Fig. 5.16: Number of Monitoring Stations with Low and Moderate Levels of SO₂.

Nitrogen dioxide Levels (Annual Average Concentration)

Number of monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas in various ranges of annual average concentration is depicted in Fig. 5.17. National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) (annual average) was exceeded at four monitoring stations in residential areas and two monitoring stations in industrial areas. The Four monitoring stations in residential areas are located at Regional Office, Dhanbad, Swargate, Pune, Lal Bazaar, Kolkata and Nalstop, Pune. The monitoring station at Swargate and Nalstop, Pune are located at traffic intersections and NO₂ levels are high may be due to high vehicular emissions. The two monitoring stations in industrial areas where NAAQS (Annual average) was exceeded are located at Cossipore, Kolkata and Howrah Municipal Corporation, Howrah. NO₂ levels at remaining monitoring stations were less than the NAAQS (Annual Average) during 2003. NO₂ levels at 85% of the monitoring stations in industrial areas and 84% of the monitoring stations in residential areas were less than 40 m g/m³. Table 5.7 shows top ten locations in terms of annual average concentration of nitrogen dioxide in residential and industrial areas. The highest concentration in residential area was observed at monitoring station located at Nal Stop, Pune and highest concentration in industrial area was observed at monitoring station located at Cossipore, Kolkata during year 2003.

Fig 5.17: Number of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Annual Average Concentration of NO₂.

Table 5.7 Ten Locations Having Highest Concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide during year 2003

S. No.	Industrial Areas			Residential Areas
S. No.	Location	State	Annual Average conc. (µg/m³)	Location	State	Annual Average conc. (µg/m³)
1.	Cossipore, Kolkata	West Bengal	83*	Nal Stop, Pune	Maharashtra	76*
2.	Howrah Municipal Coporation, Howrah	West Bengal	83*	Lal Bazaar, Kolkata	West Bengal	76*
3.	Regional Office, MIA, Udaipur	Rajasthan	69	Swargate, Pune	Maharashtra	70*
4.	Bandhaghat, Howrah	West Bengal	67	Regional Office, Dhanbad	Jharkhand	66*
5.	M.A.D.A., Jharia	Jharkhand	63	Town Hall, Delhi	Delhi	59
6.	B.I.T., Sindri	Jharkhand	62	Kasba, Kolkata	West Bengal	53
7.	Bistupur Vehicle Testing Center, Jamshedpur	Jharkhand	58	District Collector’s Office, Coimbatore	Tamil Nadu	50
8.	SIDCO Office, Coimbatore	Tamil Nadu	56	N.Y. School, Sarojani Nagar, Delhi	Delhi	46
9.	Golmuri Vehicle Testing Centre, Jamshedpur	Jharkhand	54	Pariaraja-puram, Coimbatore	Tamil Nadu	46
10	WIT Campus, Solapur	Maharashtra	45	Chitale Clinic, Solapur	Maharashtra	46

* - Locations where annual mean concentration of NO₂ exceeded the respective standards of 80 µg/m³for Industrial areas and 60 µg/m³for Residential areas.

Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average)

Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly average) of NO₂ is depicted in Fig. 5.18. The percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly Avg.) was more than 2% at two monitoring stations in industrial areas located at Cossipore, Kolkata and Howrah Municipal Corporation, Howrah. The percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly Avg.) was more than 2% at eight monitoring stations in residential areas located at Swargate, Pune, Sarojini Nagar, Delhi, Bator, Howrah, Kasba, Kolkata, Town Hall, Delhi, Nalstop, Pune, Regional Office, Dhanbad and Lal Bazaar, Kolkata. Monitoring stations at Swargate and Nalstop Pune are located near traffic intersections and high vehicular emissions may be the reason for violation of NAAQS (24 hourly avg.). Monitoring stations at Town Hall, Delhi is located in an area with high traffic density resulting in violation of NAAQS (24 hourly avg.).

Fig. 5.18: Number of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Percentage Violation (various ranges) of NAAQS (24-hrly avg.) of NO₂

The number of locations where either annual average or 24-hourly concentration exceeded the standards of NO₂ is given in Table 5.8.

Table 5.8: Locations where either annual average concentration or 24-hourly average concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide violated the respective NAAQS.

Location

State

Area
Class

Annual
Average
Conc.
(µg/m³)

% Violation of NAAQS
(24 hourly Avg.)

Howrah Municipal Corporation., Howrah

West Bengal

Industrial

83

10

Cossipore, Kolkata

West Bengal

Industrial

83

7

R.O., Dhanbad

Jharkhand

Residential

66

25

Nal Stop, Pune

Maharashtra

Residential

76

23

Swargate, Pune

Maharashtra

Residential

70

3

Lal-Bazar, Kolkata

West Bengal

Residential

76

41

Bator, Howrah

West Bengal

Residential

45

5

Town Hall, Delhi

Delhi

Residential

59

16

NEERI Zonal Lab, Kasba

West Bengal

Residential

53

6

Sarojini Nagar, Delhi

Delhi

Residential

46

4

Summary of Air Quality with reference to NO₂

Number of monitoring stations with low, moderate and high levels of NO₂ is depicted in Fig. 5.19. NO₂ levels at 85 % of the monitoring stations in industrial areas and 72% of the monitoring stations in residential areas were low. High levels of NO₂ were observed at four monitoring stations in residential areas located at Regional Office, Dhanbad, Swargate, Pune, Lal Bazaar, Kolkata and Nalstop, Pune. High levels of NO₂ were also observed at two monitoring stations in industrial areas located at Cossipore, Kolkata and Howrah Municipal Corporation, Howrah.

Fig. 5.19: Number of Monitoring Stations with Low, Moderate and High levels of Nitrogen Dioxide

Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM/PM₁₀) Levels (Annual Average Concentration)

Number of monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas in various ranges of annual average concentration is depicted in Fig. 5.20 and Fig. 5.21 respectively. National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) (annual average) was exceeded at 33 monitoring stations in industrial areas and 72 monitoring stations in residential areas. Table 5.9 shows top ten locations in terms of annual average concentration of RSPM in residential and industrial areas. The highest concentration in residential area was observed at monitoring station located at Regional Office, Jalandhar and highest concentration in industrial area was observed at monitoring station located at Rita Sewing Machines, Ludhiana.

Table 5.9 Ten Locations Having Highest Concentration of RSPM during year 2003

S. No.	Industrial Areas			Residential Areas
S. No.	Location	State	Annual Average conc. (µg/m³)	Location	State	Annual Average conc. (µg/m³)
1.	Rita Sewing Machines, Ludhiana	Punjab	295*	Regional Office, Jalandhar	Punjab	245*
2.	Focal Point, Jalandhar	Punjab	291*	New HIG-9, Hirapur, Raipur	Chattisgarh	240*
3.	Sardhara Industrial Corporation, Rajkot	Gujarat	275*	Regional Office, Punjab SPCB/ Vishwakarma Chowk, Ludhiana	Punjab	218*
4.	M/s Wool Worth India Pvt. Ltd., Raipur	Chattisgarh	246*	Regional Office, Alwar	Rajasthan	198*
5.	M/s Modi Oil and General Mills, Madi Gobindgarh	Punjab	241*	Town Hall, Delhi	Delhi	189*
6.	M/s Hargobind Steel Industries/M.s Raj Steel Rolling Mills, Madi Gobindgarh	Punjab	236*	HIG 21, 22, New Ghantaghar, Korba	Chattisgarh	183*
7.	CETP Nadeswari, Vadodara	Gujarat	233*	Cadilla Bridge Narol, Ahmedabad	Gujarat	179*
8.	Mayapuri Industrial Area, Delhi	Delhi	212*	City Dandia Bazaar, Vadodara	Gujarat	178*
9.	Milk Plant, Ludhiana	Punjab	200*	Kidwai Nagar, Kanpur	Uttar Pradesh	174*
10	M.s GEE PEE Elctroplating and Engineering Works, Noida	Uttar Pradesh	194*	Deputy ka Padao, Kanpur	Uttar Pradesh	173*

* - Locations where annual mean concentration of RSPM exceeded the respective standards of 120 µg/m³for Industrial areas and 60 µg/m³for Residential areas.

Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average)

Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly average) of RSPM is depicted in Fig. 5.22.

The percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly Avg.) was less than 2% at 18 monitoring stations in industrial areas and 11 monitoring stations in residential areas. At all the remaining stations, the percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly avg. ) was 2% and more.

Fig. 5.22 Number of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24-hrly avg.) of RSPM

Summary of Air Quality with reference to RSPM

Number of monitoring stations with low, moderate, high and critical levels of RSPM is depicted in Fig. 5.23. RSPM levels at 51 % of the monitoring stations in residential areas and 14% of the monitoring stations in industrial areas were Critical. Critical levels of RSPM were observed in residential areas of Visakhapatnam, Guwahati, Bhilai, Korba, Raipur, Chandigarh, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Ankaleshwar, Surat, Vadodara, Vapi, Thiruvananthapuram, Nashik, Pune, Solapur, Indore, Nagda, Satna, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Alwar, Jaipur, Kota, Jodhpur, Madurai, Kanpur, Lucknow, Varanasi and Kolkata. Critical levels of RSPM were also observed in industrial areas of Raipur, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Vadodara, Satna, Gobindgarh, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Kanpur, Lucknow and Noida.

Fig. 5.23: Number of Monitoring Stations with Low, Moderate, High and Critical levels of RSPM

High levels of RSPM were observed in residential areas of Patna, Parwanoo, Bangalore, Kochi, Kottayam, Mumbai, Chandrapur, Nagpur, Bhopal, Jabalpur, Shillong, Dimapur, Rourkela, Udaipur, Chennai and Howrah. High levels of RSPM were also observed in industrial areas of Bhilai, Chandigarh, Ankaleshwar, Surat, Vapi, Solapur, Thiruvananthapuram, Indore, Nagda, Alwar, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Anpara, Howrah and Kolkata.

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) Levels (Annual Average Concentration)

Number of monitoring stations in residential and industrial areas in various ranges of annual average concentration of SPM is depicted in Fig. 5.24 and Fig. 5.25 respectively. National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) (annual average) was exceeded at 11 monitoring stations in industrial areas and 69 monitoring stations in residential areas.

Table 5.10 shows top ten locations in terms of annual average concentration of SPM in residential and industrial areas. The highest concentration in residential areas was observed at the monitoring station located at Nal Stop, Pune and highest concentration in industrial area was observed at the monitoring station located at Nunhai, Agra.

Fig 5.24: Number of Monitoring Stations (Industrial Areas) in Various Ranges of Annual Average Concentration of SPM

Fig 5.25: Number of Monitoring Stations (Residential Areas) in Various Ranges of Annual Average Concentration of SPM

Table 5.10 Ten locations having highest concentration of SPM during year 2003

S. No	Industrial Areas			Residential Areas
S. No	Location	State	Annual Mean Conc. (µg/m³)	Location	State	Annual Mean Conc. (µg/m³)
1.	Nunhai, Agra	Uttar Pradesh	479*	Nai Stop, Pune	Maharashtra	521*
2.	M/s Associated Chem. Pvt. Ltd., Fazalganj, Kanpur	Uttar Pradesh	439*	Town Hall, Delhi	Delhi	478*
3.	Gee Pee Electroplating & Engineering Works, Noida	Uttar Pradesh	431*	Swargate, Pune	Maharashtra	465*
4	Mayapuri Industrial Area, Delhi	Delhi	425*	Regional Office, Agra	Uttar Pradesh	440*
5.	Talkatora, Lucknow	Uttar Pradesh	423*	Forest & Training Centre, Kidwai Nagar, Kanpur	Uttar Pradesh	410*
6.	VKIA, Jaipur,	Rajasthan	403*	Regional Office, Alwar	Rajasthan	410*
7.	Shivalic GlobalIndustries, Faridabad	Haryana	402*	Regional Office, Faridabad	Haryana	408*
8.	WIT Campus, Solapur	Maharashtra	396*	Chitale Clinic, Solapur	Maharashtra	398*
9.	Raunaq Auto Ltd., Gajraula	Uttar Pradesh	395*	Deputy ka Parao, Kanpur	Uttar Pradesh	394*
10.	Regional Office, MIA, Udaipur	Rajasthan	384*	Kunnathur Chatram Madurai	Tamil Nadu	393*

* - Locations where annual mean concentration of SPMexceeded the respective standards of 360 µg/m³for Industrial and 140 µg/m³ for Residential areas.

The annual average concentration of SPM exceeded the NAAQS (Annual average) at 11 monitoring stations in industrial areas with two monitoring stations located in Rajasthan; one monitoring station each in Delhi, Maharashtra, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and five monitoring stations in Uttar Pradesh.

The annual average concentration of SPM exceeded the NAAQS (Annual average) at 69 monitoring stations. Four of these monitoring stations in Andhra Pradesh and one monitoring station each is located in Assam, Chandigarh, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Uttaranchal and Bihar. Six of these monitoring stations is located in Delhi and nine monitoring stations are located in Gujarat. Four of these monitoring stations are located in Himachal Pradesh and eleven monitoring stations are located in Maharashtra. Four of these monitoring stations are located in Chattisgarh and two monitoring stations are located in Orissa. Eleven of these monitoring stations are located in Rajasthan; two monitoring stations in Tamil Nadu; six monitoring stations in Uttar Pradesh and three monitoring stations are located in West Bengal.

Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24 Hourly Average)

Number of monitoring stations in various ranges of percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly average) of SPM is depicted in Fig. 5.26. The percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly Avg.) was less than 2% at 36 monitoring stations in industrial areas and 14 monitoring stations in residential areas. At all the remaining stations, the percentage violation of NAAQS (24 hourly avg.) was 2% and more.

Table 5.11 provides the number of stations where either annual average concentration or 24-hourly concentration exceeded the respective NAAQS. During 2003, 29 industrial and 75 residential locations violated the NAAQS of SPM.

Fig. 5.26 Number of Monitoring Stations in various ranges of Percentage Violation of NAAQS (24-hrly avg.) of SPM

Table 5.11 Locations where either Annual Average Concentration or 24-hourly Average Concentration of SPM violated respective NAAQS during year 2003

State

Number of Monitoring Locations exceeding standards

Industrial

Residential

Andhra Pradesh

-

5

Assam

-

1

Bihar

-

1

Chattisgarh

1

4

Delhi

3

6

Karnataka

-

1

Kerala

-

1

Gujarat

-

9

Haryana

1

1

Himachal Pradesh

2

4

Jharkhand

4

1

Goa

-

1

Maharashtra

4

12

Orissa

-

3

Rajasthan

7

11

Tamil Nadu

-

3

Uttar Pradesh

7

6

Uttarnchal

-

1

West Bengal

2

3

Chandigarh

1

1

Total

32

75

Air Quality with reference to SPM

Number of monitoring stations with low, moderate, high and critical levels of RSPM is depicted in Fig. 5.27. SPM levels at 46 % of the monitoring stations in residential areas were critical

Fig. 5.27: Number of Monitoring Stations with Low, Moderate, High and Critical levels of SPM

Critical levels of SPM were observed in residential areas of Dhanbad, Bhilai, Korba, Raipur, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Jamnagar, Vadodara, Damtal, Paonta Sahib, Faridabad, Mumbai, Nagpur, Nashi, Pune, Solapur, Alwar, Jaipur, Kota, Udaipur, Jodhpur, Madurai, Dehradun, Agra, Kanpur, Lucknow, Varanasi and Kolkata. Critical levels were also observed in industrial areas of Gobindgarh. High levels of SPM were observed in residential areas of Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Chandigarh, Guwahati, Patna, Ankaleshwar, Surat, Vapi, Parwanoo, Bangalore, Chandrapur, Rourkela, Chennai and Howrah. High levels of SPM were also observed in industrial areas of Delhi, Paonta Sahib, Faridabad, Solapur, Jaipur, Udaipur, Agra, Gajraula, Kanpur, Lucknow and Noida.

Summary and Conclusion

The number of stations violating annual standards and 24-hourly NAAQS during the year 2003 is presented in Table 5.12. It is quite evident that NAAQS of RSPM and SPM are violated at most of the monitoring stations. NAAQS (Annual average) of SPM was violated at 76% of the monitoring stations in residential areas and 16 % of the monitoring stations in industrial areas. NAAQS (Annual average) of RSPM was violated at 75% of the monitoring stations in residential areas and 48% of the monitoring stations in industrial areas. There was no violation of NAAQS of SO₂ at any monitoring station. NAAQS (Annual average) of NO₂was violated at 6 monitoring stations and NAAQS (24 hourly average) of NO₂ was violated at 10 monitoring stations.

Table 5.12 Number of Monitoring stations violating NAAQS (Annual average and 24-hourly average).

Area Class	SO₂		NO₂		RSPM		SPM
Area Class	24-Hourly	Annual	24-Hourly	Annual	24-Hourly	Annual	24-Hourly	Annual
Residential	-	-	8	4	85	72	75	69
Industrial	-	-	2	2	48	33	31	11
Sensitive	-	-	-	-	-	-	1	-
Total	Nil	Nil	10	6	133	105	106	80

The list of cities where NAAQS were exceeded during year 2003 is given in Table 5.13.

Table 5.13 List of Cities in which NAAQS Annual Average Unit violated

S. No.	State/Union Territory	City	Major Sources of Pollution	Air Pollutants Violating NAAQS (Annual Average)	Air Pollutants Violating NAAQS (24 hourly average)
1	Andhra Pradesh	Hyderabad	Vehicles	SPM	RSPM, SPM
1	Andhra Pradesh	Visakhapatnam	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
2	Assam	Guwahati	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
3	Bihar	Patna	Vehicles, Natural Dust	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
4	Chandigarh	Chandigarh	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM	RSPM, SPM
5	Chattisgarh	Bhilai	Industries	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Korba	Industries	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Raipur	Vehicles	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
6	Delhi	Delhi	Vehicles	RSPM, SPM	NO₂, RSPM, SPM
7	Goa	Panaji	Industries, Vehicles	-	SPM
8	Gujarat	Ahemadabad	Vehicle, Industries	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Ankleshwar	Industries	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Jamnagar	Industries, Vehicles	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Rajkot	Vehicles, Natural Dust	RSPM	RSPM
		Surat	Industries, Vehicles	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Vadodara	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Vapi	Industries	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
9	Haryana	Faridabad	Vehicles, Industries	SPM	SPM
10	Himachal Pradesh	Damtal	Natural Dust	SPM	SPM
		Paonta Sahib	Natural Dust	SPM	SPM
		Parwanoo	Industries, Natural Dust	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
11	Jharkhand	Dhanbad	Industries	NO₂, SPM	NO₂, SPM
		Jamshedpur	Industries	-	SPM
		Jharia	Industries, Natural Dust	-	SPM
		Sindri	Industries, Natural Dust	-	SPM

S. No.	State/Union Territory	City	Major Sources of Pollution	Air Pollutants Violating NAAQS (Annual Average)	Air Pollutants Violating NAAQS (24 hourly average)
12	Karnataka	Bangalore	Vehicle	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
12	Karnataka	Mysore		-	RSPM
13	Kerala	Kottayam	Vehicles	RSPM	RSPM
		Kochi	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM	RSPM, SPM
		Thiruvanantha-puram	Vehicles	RSPM	RSPM
		Kozhikode	Natural dust	-	RSPM
14	Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal	Vehicle	RSPM	RSPM
		Indore	Vehicles	RSPM	RSPM
		Jabalpur	Vehicles	RSPM	RSPM
		Nagda	Industries	RSPM	RSPM
		Satna	Industries	RSPM	RSPM
15	Maharashtra	Chandrapur	Industries	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Mumbai	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Pune	Vehicles,	NO₂, RSPM, SPM	NO₂, RSPM, SPM
		Nagpur	Vehicles	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Nashik	Vehicles	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Solapur	Vehicles, Natural Dust	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
16	Meghalaya	Shillong	Vehicles	RSPM	RSPM
17	Nagaland	Dimapur	Natural Dust	RSPM	RSPM
18	Orissa	Angul	Vehicles, Industries, Natural Dust	-	RSPM, SPM
		Rourkela	Industries	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Talcher	Industries	-	RSPM
19	Punjab	Gobindgarh	Industries	RSPM, SPM	RSPM
		Ludhiana	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM	RSPM
		Jalandhar	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM	RSPM
20	Rajasthan	Alwar	Vehicles, Natural Dust	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Jaipur	Vehicles	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Jodhpur	Natural Dust	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Kota	Vehicles Industries	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Udaipur	Vehicles, Natural Dust	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
21	Tamil Nadu	Chennai	Vehicle, Industries	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Madurai	Vehicles,	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Coimbatore	Vehicles	-	RSPM, SPM
		Tuticorin	Vehicles	-	RSPM

S. No.	State/Union Territory	City	Major Sources of Pollution	Air Pollutants Violating NAAQS (Annual Average)	Air Pollutants Violating NAAQS (24 hourly average)
22	Uttar Pradesh	Agra	Vehicle, Industries	SPM	SPM
		Anpara	Industries	RSPM	RSPM, SPM
		Kanpur	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Lucknow	Vehicles,	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Gajraula	Industries	SPM	SPM
		Noida	Vehicles, Natural Dust, Industries	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
		Varanasi	Vehicles, Natural Dust	RSPM, SPM	RSPM, SPM
23	Uttaranchal	Dehradun	Vehicles, Natural Dust	SPM	RSPM, SPM
24	West Bengal	Kolkata	Vehicles, Industries	NO₂, RSPM, SPM	NO₂, RSPM, SPM
		Howrah	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM, SPM	NO₂, RSPM, SPM
		Haldia	Industries, Vehicles	-	RSPM

Sulphur Dioxide

The annual average concentration of SO₂ varied from BDL at Paonta Sahib Town, Hiamchal Pradesh to 36 m g/m³ at Nal Stop, Pune, Maharsahtra in residential areas. In industrial areas, the annual average concentration varied from BDL at Godhpur, Industrial Area, Himachal Pradesh to 47 m g/m³ at Bistupur, Vehicles Testing Center, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand.

There has been a change in domestic fuel used from coal to LPG. Also various measures have been taken such as reduction of sulphur in diesel that may have contributed to low levels of SO₂.

Nitrogen Dioxide

The annual average concentration of NO₂ varied from BDL at Regional Office, Satna, Madhya Pradesh to 76 m g/m³ at Nal Stop, Pune, Maharsahtra in residential areas. In industrial areas, the annual average concentration varied from BDL at Sub Divisional Office, Satna, Madhya pradesh to 83 m g/m³ at Cossipore, Kolkata, West Bengal.

The monitoring station at Nal Stop, Pune is located near traffic intersection and as a result NO₂ levels are high. Vehicles are one of the major sources of NO₂ in the country.

Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter

The annual average concentration of RSPM varied from 23 m g/m³ at Bus Stand, Winter Field, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh to 245 m g/m³ at Regional Office Regional Office, Jalandhar, Punjab in residential areas. In industrial areas, the annual average concentration varied from 32 m g/m³ at Regional Testing Laboratory/ Raja Agencies, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu to 295 m g/m³ at Rita Sewing Machine, Ludhiana, Punjab.

One of the major source of high RSPM levels is vehicles. The vehicle population is increasing exponentially in many cities. This is the single major factor for high RSPM levels.

Suspended Particulate Matter

The annual average concentration of SPM varied from 35 m g/m³ at Fisheries College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu to 521 m g/m³ at Nal Stop, Pune, Maharashtra in residential areas. In industrial areas, the annual average concentration varied from 39 m g/m³ at Regional Testing Laboratory/ Raja Agencies, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu to 479 m g/m³ at Nunhai, Agra, Uttar Pradesh.

The sources of SPM include, vehicles, natural dust, industries such as thermal power plants, sugar, cement etc., resuspension of dust, refuse burning etc.

High level of SPM and RSPM are the most prevalent form of air pollution.

The reason for high particulate matter levels may be vehicles, engine gensets, small scale industries, biomass incineration, boilers and emission from power plants, resuspension of traffic dust, commercial and domestic use of fuels, etc.

High domestic use of coal or biomass fuel is a serious problem resulting in high human exposures to SPM and SO₂.

Lower levels of RSPM were observed during monsoon months possibly due to wet deposition. Higher levels of RSPM were observed during winter months possibly due to lower mixing heights and more calm conditions.

One of the reason for low levels of pollution in coastal cities like Chennai is that it has excellent ventilation effects due to sea and land breezes which reduces pollution levels.

Recommendations

Following measures would greatly enhance the quality and reliability of data and monitoring activities;

Monitoring of additional parameters such as CO, lead, PAHs, Benzene, 1,3 butadine, Ozone, etc may be regularly undertaken in many cities.

Existing network of 295 stations may be expanded and continuous monitoring of air pollutants may be carried out, wherever appropriate.

Epidemiological studies may be carried out in various cities where levels of air pollutants are exceeding the standards.

More sensitive areas may be identified and notified.

Background stations may be included in the network to assess the anthropogenic impact

Calibration of air quality monitoring instruments may be carried out regularly.

Analytical quality control exercises may be carried out regularly to improve quality of data.

Location of stations may conform to guidelines mentioned in the CPCB report Guidelines of ambient air quality monitoring’ and measurement. The analytical methods mentioned in the guidelines report must be followed.

5.9 AIR QUALITY TRENDS

Sulphur dioxide (SO₂)

Annual average concentration of SO₂ levels are within the prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) at almost all the locations. A decreasing trend has been observed in sulphur dioxide levels in many cities

A decreasing trend has been observed in sulphur dioxide levels in cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Lucknow, Bhopal, etc., during last few years. The decreasing trend in sulphur dioxide levels may be due to various measures taken such as reduction of sulphur in diesel etc. and use of LPG instead of coal as domestic fuel.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)

Annual average concentration of NO₂ was also within NAAQS at most of the locations.

A decreasing trend has also been observed in nitrogen dioxide levels in residential areas of Madurai, Bhopal etc. during last few years. The decreasing trend in nitrogen dioxide levels may be due to various measures taken for vehicular pollution control such as stricter vehicular emission norms etc. Vehicles are one of the major sources of NO₂ in the country.

Particulate Matter

Annual average concentrations of RSPM and SPM exceeded the NAAQS in most of the cities.

A decreasing trend has also been observed in RSPM levels in cities like Solapur, Lucknow etc during last few years. Decreasing trend in RSPM levels may be due to various measures taken such as reduction of sulphur in diesel, use of premix 2-T oil dispensor, stringent standard for particulate matter in diesel vehicles etc.

One of the major sources of high RSPM levels is vehicles. The vehicle population is increasing exponentially in many cities. This is the single major factor for high RSPM levels.

The reason for high particulate matter levels may be vehicles, engine gensets, small scale industries, biomass incineration, boilers and emission from power plants, resuspension of traffic dust, commercial and domestic use of fuels, etc.

Lower levels of RSPM and SPM were observed during monsoon months possibly due to wet deposition. Higher levels of RSPM and SPM were observed during winter months possibly due to lower mixing heights and more calm conditions.

One of the reason for low levels of pollution in coastal cities like Chennai is that it has excellent ventilation effects due to sea and land breezes which reduces pollution levels.

Non-attainment Cities

CPCB has identified list of polluted cities in which the prescribed National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are violated (Table 5.14). These cities have been identified based on ambient air quality data obtained under National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP). The list of non-attainment cities state-wise is enclosed. Action plans are being formulated and implemented to control air pollution in non-attainment cities by respective states.

Table 5.14 List of Non Attainment Cities in India

State/Union Territory		City	Major Sources of Pollution	Pollutants of Concern
Andhra Pradesh	1	Hyderabad	Vehicles	RSPM, SPM
Andhra Pradesh	2	Visakhapatnam	Vehicles, Industries	NO₂, RSPM, SPM
Assam	3	Guwahati	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM, SPM
Bihar	4	Patna	Vehicles, Natural Dust	RSPM, SPM
Chandigarh	5	Chandigarh	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM, SPM
Chattisgarh	6	Bhilai	Industries	RSPM, SPM
	7	Korba	Industries	RSPM, SPM
	8	Raipur	Vehicles	RSPM, SPM
Delhi	9	Delhi	Vehicles	NO₂, RSPM, SPM
Goa	10	Panaji	Industries, Vehicles	SPM
Gujarat	11	Ahemadabad	Vehicle, Industries	SO₂ RSPM, SPM
	12	Ankleshwar	Industries	SO₂, RSPM, SPM
	13	Jamnagar	Industries, Vehicles	RSPM, SPM
	14	Rajkot	Vehicles, Natural Dust	RSPM, SPM
	15	Surat	Industries, Vehicles	SO₂, RSPM, SPM
	16	Vadodara	Vehicles, Industries	SO₂, RSPM, SPM
	17	Vapi	Industries	RSPM, SPM
Haryana	18	Faridabad	Vehicles, Industries	SPM
Haryana	19	Yamuna Nagar	Industries, Vehicles	SPM
Himachal Pradesh	20	Damtal	Natural Dust	SPM
	21	Paonta Sahib	Natural Dust	SPM
	22	Parwanoo	Industries, Natural Dust	RSPM, SPM
	23	Shimla	Natural Dust	SPM
Jharkhand	24	Dhanbad	Industries	SO₂, NO₂, SPM
	25	Jamshedpur	Industries	NO₂, SPM
	26	Jharia	Industries, Natural Dust	SPM
	27	Sindri	Industries, Natural Dust	SPM
Karnataka	28	Bangalore	Vehicle	RSPM, SPM
Karnataka	29	Mysore	Vehicles	RSPM
Kerala	30	Kottayam	Vehicles	RSPM
	31	Kochi	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM, SPM
	32	Thiruvanan-thapuram	Vehicles	RSPM
	33	Kozhikode	Natural Dust	RSPM
Madhya Pradesh	34	Bhopal	Vehicle	RSPM, SPM
	35	Indore	Vehicles	RSPM, SPM
	36	Jabalpur	Vehicles	NO₂, RSPM, SPM
	37	Nagda	Industries	SO₂, RSPM, SPM
	38	Satna	Industries	RSPM, SPM
Maharashtra	39	Chandrapur	Industries	RSPM, SPM
	40	Mumbai	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM, SPM
	41	Pune	Vehicles,	NO₂, RSPM, SPM
	42	Nagpur	Vehicles	RSPM, SPM
	43	Nashik	Vehicles	RSPM, SPM
	44	Solapur	Vehicles, Natural Dust	RSPM, SPM
Meghalaya	45	Shillong	Vehicles	RSPM
Orissa	46	Angul	Vehicles, Industries, Natural Dust	RSPM, SPM
	47	Rayagada	Industries	RSPM
	48	Rourkela	Industries	RSPM, SPM
	49	Talcher	Industries	RSPM
Punjab	50	Gobindgarh	Industries	RSPM, SPM
	51	Ludhiana	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM, SPM
	52	Jalandhar	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM, SPM
Rajasthan	53	Alwar	Vehicles, Natural Dust	NO₂, RSPM, SPM
	54	Jaipur	Vehicles	RSPM, SPM
	55	Jodhpur	Natural Dust	RSPM, SPM
	56	Kota	Vehicles, Industries	NO₂, RSPM, SPM
	57	Udaipur	Vehicles, Natural Dust	NO₂, RSPM, SPM
Tamil Nadu	58	Chennai	Vehicle, Industries	RSPM, SPM
	59	Madurai	Vehicles,	RSPM, SPM
	60	Coimbatore	Vehicles	RSPM, SPM
	61	Tuticorin	Vehicles	RSPM
Uttar Pradesh	62	Agra	Vehicle, Industries	RSPM, SPM
	63	Anpara	Industries	RSPM, SPM
	64	Kanpur	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM, SPM
	65	Lucknow	Vehicles,	RSPM, SPM
	66	Gajraula	Industries	RSPM, SPM
	67	Noida	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM, SPM
	68	Varanasi	Vehicles, Natural Dust	RSPM, SPM
Uttaranchal	69	Dehradun	Vehicles, Natural Dust	RSPM, SPM
West Bengal	70	Kolkata	Vehicles, Industries	RSPM, SPM, NO₂
	71	Howrah	Vehicles, Industries	SO₂, NO_2, RSPM, SPM
	72	Haldia	Industries, Vehicles	RSPM

5.10 STRENGTHENING OF NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME (NAMP)

Monitoring stations were sanctioned in cities like Khajuraho, Gwalior, Tirupati, Vijayawada, Asansol, Ranchi etc. State Pollution Control Boards were asked to monitor additional pollutants like carbon monoxide etc. near traffic intersections. Non-operational stations were made operational. Monitoring through automatic continuous analysers is also being initiated in many cities.

Fact Finding Mission visits to identified countries towards Modernization of National Air Quality Monitoring Stations and Monitoring Networking

To find a workable solution for modernization of National Air quality Monitoring Network , a fact-finding mission visit was scheduled for the identified countries Germany, France, U.K., Malaysia and Thailand having various models of management – Public Private partnerships. The proposed visit will help to integrate effective private participation & modernize our Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network.

For executing the required tasks to be undertaken a list of potential working visits / meeting to be organized in each country was prepared & sent to GTZ Office, Delhi providing financial support & other logistic arrangements for the required visits. In the restricted time period & as arranged by GTZ discussions were held with Environmental Authorities, operators of the direct interview and data collection. Required short duration visit were organized to France (Study Period: September 27 – 29, 2004), U. K. (Study Period: September 30 – October 01, 2004), & Germany (Study Period: October 04 – 06, 2004). Remaining visits to Malaysia & Thailand could not be held due to administrative reasons at GTZ, Delhi. The team studied following issues:

National Air Quality Monitoring System
About Management of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) Network
About use of passive sampling campaign & other manual monitoring complementing the on-line activities
Air Quality Monitoring Budget / Analysis of financial flow

Other critical observations on data dissemination and QA/QC activities etc.

Interim Report of the study visits performed in Europe was sent to MoEF & GTZ, Delhi. Final Report along-with Recommendation & Concluding Remarks will be submitted after completing remaining visits to identified Asian Countries.

Letter was sent to Dr. Juergen Bischoff, Director, ASEM, regarding organizing the remaining visits to Malaysia having BOO system of management & Thailand having Hybrid system of management, for meaningful conclusions & developing workable model accounting Asian experience.

Outcome of the Fact Finding Mission:

I. Proposal for Networking of Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station in identified 10 cities namely Mumbai, Kolkatta, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Banglore, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Kochi and Vishakhapattnam It is proposed to develop three level / data management & transfer (Level 1:National, Level 2:State and Level 3: City). First priority towards developing such Automatic Air Quality Monitoring Network shall be given to following identified metro cities & cities where Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station (CAAQMS) are already in operation.

Mumbai	Chennai	Ahmedabad	Delhi
Kolkatta	Banglore	Vishakhapattnam	Hyderabad
Vadodara	Kochi

II. Proposal for involving private participation in the management of Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station / Network

After analyzing description, merits & demerits of possible models of private participation in the management of CAAQMS, It was decided that the following two models may be adopted in the identified cities as pilot project:

Model- I: Build Own & Operate (BOO) contract (investment and operation)

Model-II: Operation contract

Accordingly, a project proposal is made to execute Model I in two cities and Model II in another two cities.

5.11 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN DELHI DURING 2004

The Central Pollution Control Board has been monitoring ambient air quality at seven locations in Delhi for the past many years. The locations have been categorized based on land use, i.e., residential, industrial and traffic intersection. The comparison of ambient air quality data during 2004 with previous years is shown in Fig. 5.28 to 5.32. The observations are as follows

Annual average SPM concentration (Fig. 5.31) during 2004 registered a decrease of approximately 4 percent in industrial areas (339 µg/m³) and 2 percent at traffic intersection (500 µg/m³). SPM concentration at residential areas (330 µg/m³) registered an increase of 5 percent.

RSPM was 135 µg/m³ in industrial areas and 228 µg/m³ at traffic intersection during 2004 (Fig. 5.32). These are 4 and 7 percent respectively lower than the values recorded in 2003. RSPM at residential areas (131 µg/m³) registered an upward trend of only 3 percent.

With the reduction of sulphur content in diesel, the sulphur dioxide concentrations have shown a declining trend at all the locations in Delhi except industrial areas (Fig. 5.33). Sulphur dioxide in residential areas during 2004 has not recorded any change from 2003, the change observed at BSZ Marg traffic intersection was also found to be insignificant.

Nitrogen dioxide is showing an upward trend since 2001 (Fig. 5.34). During 2004, it increased in residential area (40 µg/m³) and industrial areas (42 µg/m³) by 5 and 17 percent respectively, while in traffic intersection (89 µg/m³) it decreased by 5 percent in comparison to 2003.

Increased use of CNG especially by three wheelers has had a marked impact in the concentration of carbon monoxide. CO levels measured at BSZ traffic intersection during 2004 was found to be 2581 µg/m³ as against 2831 µg/m³ recorded in 2003 (Fig. 5.35), thus indicating a decline of 9 percent.

5.12 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING AT VADODARA

The Ambient Air quality monitoring is undertaken at Suphanpura, Vadodara for the parameters RSPM, SO₂, NOx. The monitoring data indicate that particulate matter in ambient air in Baroda is high due to the heavy vehicular movement and the suspended background dust.

The ambient SO₂and NOx values were either very low or below detectable limits, may be because of lower residence time, high reactivity of SO₂ with photo chemically formed OH radicals in presence of Sunlight (Table 5.15).

Table 5.15: Ambient Air Quality (µg/m³) at Subhanpura, Vadodara

Month	RSPM			SO₂			NOx
Month	Min	Max	Avg	Min	Max	Avg	Min	Max	Avg
April’04	38	233	87.7	BDL	21.3	5.5	8.8	42.0	19.8
May’04	8	102	45.6	BDL	5.4	0.3	7.7	30.9	15.0
June’04	16	80.5	31.2	BDL	BDL	0.0	2.7	25.6	12.9
July’04	12	50.5	25.0	BDL	BDL	0.0	3.9	20.3	10.6
Aug’04	12	62.5	33.9	BDL	BDL	0.0	3.9	20.3	11.8
Sept’04	19	77.0	41.5	BDL	14	2.8	5.9	29.0	16.4
Oct’04	14	214.5	100.3	BDL	2.3	0.1	5.0	51.9	28.2
Nov’04	55	205	108.6	BDL	BDL	0.0	7.6	27.0	19.3
Dec’04	42	210.5	104.1	BDL	BDL	0.0	8.8	64.8	31.1
Jan’05	35	141	90.1	BDL	23	3.0	8.5	48.0	30.7
Feb’05	18	176	88.7	BDL	20.1	2.4	12.7	57.1	32.5
March’05	41	341	113.6	BDL	21.6	4.9	10.3	34.5	18.7

BDL = Below Detectable Limit

Fig. 5.36 Monthly Average RSPM Level during year 2004-2005

Fig. 5.37 Monthly Average Sulphur dioxide Level during year 2004-2005

Fig. 5.38 Monthly Average Nitrogen Oxide Level during year 2004-2005

5.13 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING AT BHOPAL

The Ambient Air Quality Monitoring is undertaken at Arera Colony, Bhopal. The monitoring data indicated that RSPM values are well within the limit in all months except during November 2004 to March 2005. The increase in values may be due to road maintenance work, garbage burning near office building and increase in vehicular traffic. SPM values were well within the limit only during June to September 2004. The values are high during the months of October to November 2004 (Fig. 5.39) may be due to road maintenance, garbage burning near office building and high wind velocity. Sulphur dioxide was within the limit all the time as coal and other fuel is not used for domestic purpose, and the sulphur contents in diesel are reduced. The Nitrogen dioxide indicated slight increase during September to February due to calm condition but values were within limit.

Fig. 5.39 : Ambient Air Quality Status at Bhopal (April 2004 to March 2005)

Table 5.16 Ambient Air Quality Status at Bhopal

MONTHS

Ambient Air Quality Parameters

RSPM
(µg/m³)
SPM
(µg/m³)
SO₂
(µg/m³)
NO₂
(µg/m³)

Apr-04

92

349

6

28

May-04

83

316

6

25

Jun-04

41

182

7

17

Jul-04

28

116

5

13

Aug-04

30

119

6

17

Sep-04

45

190

7

22

Oct-04

91

432

6

25

Nov-04

157

442

BDL

43

Dec-04

94

280

BDL

29

Jan-05

141

357

BDL

23

Feb-05

135

372

BDL

25

Mar-05

92

278

BDL

20

BDL = Below Detectable Limit

5.14 CONTINUOUS AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING
Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station at Delhi College of Engineering, Bawana, Delhi

A New Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station has been installed at "Delhi College of Engineering", Bawana, Delhi, in February 2005 to monitor the ambient air quality of that area with the help of continuous analysers. The pollutants being measured are as follows: NO, NO₂, NO_x, SO₂, CO, and O_3.

Table 5.17 Air Quality Status (Monthly Average) at Continous Monitoring Station at Delhi College of Engineering (DCE), Bawana during year 2005

Parameter	Feb.	March
Nitric Oxide (NO) (µg/m³)	1.9	7.8
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) (µg/m³)	48.1	42.2
Sulphure Dioxide (SO₂) (µg/m³)	8.4	7.6
Carbon Monoxide (CO) (µg/m³)	755	694
Ozone (O₃) (µg/m³)	36.9	46

Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station at B.S.Z. Marg (ITO)

An integrated continuous ambient air quality monitoring is being operated at Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg (B.S.Z. Marg) (near Foot over bridge) to monitor the ambient air quality of that area. The site is located at one of the busiest traffic intersection of Delhi. This is one of the biggest commercial area of Delhi and offices of the Government, Public and Private companies beside the offices of Press are located in the area. The majority of vehicles Comprises two wheelers, three wheelers, cars and buses. Movement of other heavy vehicles like trucks is restricted in the area during the daytime. Two thermal power plants i.e. I. P. Power House and Rajghat Power House and two gas base power plants are located in the area which also add to the air pollution besides the contribution from large number of vehicles. The evaluation of air quality, its present and anticipated pollution status is necessary to assess through continuous air quality monitoring Programme.

Table 5.18 Air Quality Status (Monthly Average Values) at Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg (ITO) during year 2004

Parameter	Jan.	Feb.	Mar.	Apr.	May	Jun.	July	Aug.	Sept	Oct.	Nov.	Dec
NO (µg/m³)	184	134	102	88.7	70	76.3	80.4	92.0	104	205	292	237
NO₂ (µg/m³)	185	212	222	295	101	112	107	82.9	110	147	109	168
SO₂ (µg/m³)	20	23	28.5	34.4	16.1	21.3	11.3	9.8	6.9	11	20	15
CO (µg/m³)	2570	2190	2060	2990	2180	1820	2980	905	1390	2420	3970	2640
O₃ (µg/m³)	13	16	26.7	24.6	31.6	21.8	15.7	8.3	15.5	19	19	11

Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station at Siri Fort

A continuous ambient air quality monitoring station is being operated at Sirifort (South Delhi) to monitor the ambient air quality of that area. The area falls under Residential, rural and mixed-use category. The monitoring point is located near a road having moderate volume of traffic comprises, 2 wheelers, 3 wheelers, cars and buses. Movement of other heavy vehicles like trucks is restricted in the area during the daytime. The evaluation of air quality, its present and anticipated pollution status is necessary to assess through continuous air quality monitoring Programme.

Table 5.19 Air Quality Status (Monthly Average Values) at Siri Fort during year 2004

Parameter

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

(µg/m³)

41.2